Nyuma yo gusohora nomero mpuzamahanga y’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu Ukwakira, cyane cyane uburyo bwa buri mwaka bwo gusya no gutwara ibintu mu mwobo, twarebye neza kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi bigize ubu buryo, ari cyo gikoresho cyo kongerera ubushobozi apron.
Mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro,amatafari yo kugaburira amatafaribigira uruhare runini mu gutuma imikorere yabo igenda neza no kongera igihe cyo gukora. Imikoreshereze yabo mu miyoboro itunganya amabuye y'agaciro iratandukanye cyane; icyakora, ubushobozi bwabo bwose ntibuzwi neza mu nganda zose, bigatuma ibibazo byinshi bibazwa.
Martin Yester, ushinzwe gutanga serivisi ku bicuruzwa ku isi, Metso Bulk Products, asubiza bimwe mu bibazo by'ingenzi.
Mu magambo make, agace ko kororeraho (kandi kazwi nka pan feeder) ni ubwoko bw'agace kororeraho kakoreshwa mu bikorwa byo gutunganya ibikoresho kugira ngo kohereze (kugaburira) ibikoresho ku bindi bikoresho cyangwa mu bubiko, mu gasanduku cyangwa mu gasanduku kugira ngo gakuremo ibikoresho (amabuye/amabuye) ku gipimo cyagenwe.
Izi feeders zishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye mu bikorwa by’ibanze, iby’inyongera n’iby’icyiciro cya gatatu (recovery).
Ibyuma bitanga amapine y'iminyururu bikoreshwa munsi y'imodoka, imigozi n'amapine y'inyuma bikoreshwa no ku byuma bicukura. Ubu bwoko bw'ibitanga amapine bwiganje mu nganda aho abakoresha bakeneye icyuma gitanga amapine gishobora gukuramo ibikoresho bifite imiterere itandukanye. Ibyuma bifunga bya polyurethane mu munyururu bibuza ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa abrasive kwinjira mu minyururu y'imbere n'ibice by'iminyururu, bigabanya kwangirika no kongera igihe cy'ibikoresho ugereranije n'iminyururu yumye. Ibyuma bitanga amapine y'iminyururu bigabanya kandi umwanda w'urusaku kugira ngo bikore neza. Ibyuma bitanga amapine y'iminyururu bitanga amapine y'iminyururu bikoresha ubushyuhe kugira ngo bikomeze gukoreshwa.
Muri rusange, inyungu zirimo kwiyongera kw’ubwizerwe, ibice bike by’ibisigaye, kutagira ikibazo cyo kubungabungwa no kugenzura neza ibiryo by’amabuye y’agaciro. Ibi kandi, birushaho kongera umusaruro hamwe n’imbogamizi nke mu buryo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo gutunganya amabuye y’agaciro.
Imyemerere rusange ku byerekeyeamatafari yo kugaburira amatafarini uko bigomba gushyirwaho bitambitse. Bitandukanye n'ibyo abantu benshi bemera, bishobora gushyirwa ku misozi! Ibi bizana inyungu nyinshi n'ibindi bintu. Mu gushyiramo agakoresho ko korohereza apron ku misozi, hakenerwa umwanya muto muri rusange - ntabwo gusa agace korohereza gagabanya umwanya wo hasi, ahubwo binagabanya uburebure bw'agakoresho korohereza apron. Udukoresho tworohereza apron duto turaremereye iyo bigeze ku bice binini by'ibikoresho kandi, muri rusange, bizongera ubwinshi bw'agakoresho kandi bigabanya igihe cy'ingendo ku makamyo atwara imizigo.
Wibuke ko hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe ugomba kumenya mu gihe ushyiramo icyuma gitanga umusarani ku nkengero kugira ngo ukore neza. Igikoresho gikozwe neza, inguni yo kuzenguruka, imiterere y'inkunga, hamwe n'uburyo bwo kunyuramo n'ingazi zikikije icyuma gitanga umusarani byose ni ibintu by'ingenzi.
Igitekerezo gikunze kugaragara ku bijyanye no gukoresha igikoresho icyo ari cyo cyose ni iki: “Iyo ukoresheje icyuma vuba ni ko bigenda neza.” Ku bijyanye n’ibikoresho byo kohereza ibikoresho, si ko bimeze. Umuvuduko mwiza uturuka ku gushaka uburinganire hagati y’imikorere myiza n’umuvuduko wo kohereza ibicuruzwa. Bigenda buhoro ugereranyije n’ibikoresho byo kohereza ibikoresho, ariko ku mpamvu zumvikana.
Ubusanzwe, umuvuduko mwiza w'icyuma gitanga apron ni 0.05-0.40 m/s. Iyo amabuye adakomeye, umuvuduko ushobora kwiyongera ukarenga 0.30 m/s bitewe n'uko bishobora kugabanuka kwangirika.
Umuvuduko mwinshi ubangamira imikorere: iyo umuvuduko wawe uri hejuru cyane, ushobora kwangirika vuba ku bice byawo. Ingufu zikoreshwa nazo ziragabanuka bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’ingufu zikenerwa.
Ikindi kibazo ugomba kuzirikana mu gihe ukoresha agakoresho ko kugaburira apron ku muvuduko mwinshi ni ukwiyongera kw'amande. Hashobora kubaho ingaruka mbi hagati y'ibikoresho n'isahani. Bitewe n'uko hashobora kuba hari ivumbi rihunga mu kirere, gushyiraho amande ntibitera ibibazo byinshi gusa, ahubwo binateza ibidukikije biteje akaga ku bakozi muri rusange. Kubwibyo, kubona umuvuduko mwiza ni ingenzi cyane ku musaruro w'inganda no ku mutekano w'imikorere.
Utwuma dutanga ibikoresho dufite imbogamizi iyo bigeze ku bunini n'ubwoko bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Nta mbogamizi zizatandukana, ariko ibikoresho ntibigomba kujugunywa mu buryo budafite akamaro. Ugomba kuzirikana aho uzakoresha utwuma dutanga ibikoresho gusa, ahubwo n'aho utwuma dutanga ibikoresho tuzashyirwa muri icyo gikorwa.
Muri rusange, itegeko ry’inganda rigenga ingano y’ibikoresho byo kugaburira apron ni uko ubugari bw’isafuriya (ijipo y’imbere) bugomba kuba bungana kabiri n’ubw’ikintu kinini. Izindi mpamvu, nko gukoresha imashini ifunguye neza hamwe n’ikoreshwa ry’"icyuma gipfundikiye amabuye", zishobora kugira ingaruka ku bunini bw’isafuriya, ariko ibi ni ingenzi gusa mu bihe bimwe na bimwe.
Ntabwo bikunze kubaho gukurura milimetero 1,500 z'ibikoresho iyo hakoreshejwe icyuma gitanga ubugari bwa mm 3,000. Ibikoresho bibi bya mm 300 bivanwa mu mirundo y'amabuye y'agaciro cyangwa mu dusanduku two kubikamo/kuvanga ubusanzwe bikurwa hakoreshejwe icyuma gitanga ubugari kugira ngo biheshe icyuma gitanga ubugari.
Mu gupima ingano y'icyuma gitanga imashini n'uburyo bwo kuyikoresha (moteri) bihuye na byo, kimwe n'ibikoresho byinshi mu nganda z'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ubunararibonye n'ubumenyi bw'igikorwa cyose ni ingenzi cyane. Gupima ingano y'icyuma gitanga imashini bisaba ubumenyi bw'ibanze ku makuru y'uruganda kugira ngo wuzuze neza ibisabwa n'"Urupapuro rw'amakuru y'ikoreshwa" rw'umutanga (cyangwa umutanga amakuru ye).
Ibipimo by'ibanze bigomba kwitabwaho birimo igipimo cy'ibiryo (igipimo cy'inyongera n'ibisanzwe), imiterere y'ibikoresho (nk'ubushuhe, intera n'imiterere), ingano ntarengwa y'amabuye y'agaciro/amabuye, ubucucike bw'amabuye y'agaciro/amabuye (igipimo ntarengwa n'igipimo ntarengwa) hamwe n'imiterere y'ibiryo n'aho bisohokera.
Ariko, hari igihe ibintu bishobora kongerwa ku buryo bwo gupima ingano y'ibikoresho byo kohereza apron bigomba gushyirwamo. Indi hinduka ikomeye abatanga serivisi bagomba kubaza ni imiterere ya hopper. By'umwihariko, umwanya w'uburebure bw'aho hopper ifunguye (L2) uba uri hejuru y'aho hopper ifunguye. Aho bikenewe, iki ni ikintu cy'ingenzi kitari gusa mu gupima neza ingano y'ibikoresho byo kohereza apron, ahubwo no kuri sisitemu yo kubikoresha.
Nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ubucucike bw'amabuye y'agaciro ni kimwe mu bisabwa by'ibanze kandi kigomba kuba gikubiyemo ingano nziza y'ibikoresho byo kubikamo. Ubucucike ni uburemere bw'ibikoresho mu gipimo runaka, ubusanzwe ubucucike bw'ibintu bupimirwa muri toni kuri metero kibe (t/m³) cyangwa ibiro kuri metero kibe (lbs/ft³). Ikintu cyihariye ugomba kuzirikana ni uko ubucucike bw'amabuye y'agaciro bukoreshwa mu byuma bitanga amatafari, ntabwo ari ubucucike bw'ibintu bikomeye nk'uko bigenda mu bindi bikoresho bitunganya amabuye y'agaciro.
None se kuki ubucucike bw'ibice byinshi ari ingenzi cyane? Ibikoresho byo kongerera ingufu ni ibiryo by'ingano, bivuze ko ubucucike bw'ibice byinshi bukoreshwa mu kugena umuvuduko n'ingufu zikenewe kugira ngo havemo toni runaka y'ibikoresho ku isaha. Ubucucike bw'ibice bike bukoreshwa mu kugena umuvuduko, naho ubucucike bw'ibice byinshi bugagena imbaraga (torque) zisabwa n'ibikoresho byo kongerera ingufu.
Muri rusange, ni ngombwa gukoresha ubucucike bukwiye bw' "ingano" aho gukoresha ubucucike "bukomeye" kugira ngo upime ingano y'ibiryo byawe byo kugaburira apron. Niba ibi bibarwa bitari byo, igipimo cya nyuma cy'ibiryo byo kugaburira gishobora kwangirika.
Kumenya uburebure bw'icyuma gifata imashini ni ingenzi cyane mu kumenya no guhitamo neza uburyo bwo gushyiramo imashini n'uburyo bwo kuyitwara (moteri). Ariko se ibi ni ibihe bizwi? Uburebure bw'icyuma gifata imashini ni ingano kuva ku isahani y'inyuma y'icyuma gifata imashini kugeza ku gice cyo gukata imashini kiri ku mpera y'icyuma gifata imashini. Bisa n'aho byoroshye, ariko ni ngombwa kumenya ko ibi bidakwiye kwitiranywa n'ingano y'igice cyo hejuru cy'icyuma gifata imashini.
Intego yo kubona ubu buryo bwo gupima uburebure bw'icyuma gipima icyuma ni ukumenya umurongo nyawo w'icyuma gipima icyuma n'aho ibikoresho biri ku gipfundikizo bitandukaniye (udupira) n'ibikoresho (L2) biri muri icyuma gipima icyuma. Ubusanzwe, ubushobozi bwo gupima icyuma gipima icyuma bugereranywa hagati ya 50-70% by'imbaraga zose. Ubu buryo bwo kubara uburebure bw'icyuma buzatuma habaho ingufu nke (ibura ry'umusaruro) cyangwa imbaraga nyinshi (izamuka ry'amafaranga akoreshwa (opex)).
Intera y'ibikoresho ni ingenzi ku ruganda urwo arirwo rwose. Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, agace ko kororeraho apron gashobora gushyirwa ku misozi kugira ngo hatagira umwanya. Guhitamo uburebure bukwiye bw'agace kororeraho apron ntibigabanya gusa amafaranga akoreshwa mu gishoro (capex), ahubwo binagabanya ikoreshwa ry'amashanyarazi n'ikiguzi cyo kuyakoresha.
Ariko se uburebure bwiza bugenwa bute? Uburebure bwiza bw'agasanduku k'ibikoresho byo kongerera ibikoresho ni ubwo gushobora guhaza akazi gakenewe mu burebure bugufi bushoboka. Ariko, rimwe na rimwe, ku gikorwa, guhitamo agasanduku k'ibikoresho bishobora gufata igihe kirekire kugira ngo "bimurire" ibikoresho ku bikoresho byo hasi kandi bikureho aho kwimura ibintu (n'ibiciro bitari ngombwa).
Kugira ngo hamenyekane uburyo bwo kugaburira amazi bugufi kandi meza bishoboka, uburyo bwo kugaburira amazi bugomba gushyirwa munsi y'aho gupfundikira (L2). Nyuma yo kumenya uburebure bw'aho gupfundikira n'ubujyakuzimu bw'aho gupfundikira, uburebure rusange bushobora kugabanywa kugira ngo hirindwe icyo bita "kwisukura" ku mpera y'aho gusohora amazi iyo uburyo bwo kugaburira amazi butari bwikora.
Guhitamo sisitemu ikwiye yo gutwara apron yawe bizaterwa n'imikorere n'intego z'imashini ifasha gukurura. Imashini zifasha gukurura apron zagenewe gukora ku muvuduko uhindagurika kugira ngo zikurwe mu bubiko kandi zigaburirwe mu mazi ku gipimo gigenzurwa kugira ngo zikore neza cyane. Ibikoresho bishobora gutandukana bitewe n'ibintu nk'igihe cy'umwaka, umubiri w'amabuye cyangwa uburyo bwo guturika no kuvanga.
Ubwoko bubiri bwa disiki zikwiriye umuvuduko uhindagurika ni disiki zikoresha ibikoresho bigabanya umuvuduko, moteri zihindura umuvuduko n'imashini zihindura umuvuduko uhindagurika (VFDs), cyangwa moteri zikoresha hydraulic n'imashini zikoresha ingufu zifite pompe zihindura umuvuduko uhindagurika. Muri iki gihe, disiki zihindura umuvuduko zikoresha ikoranabuhanga byagaragaye ko ari zo zikoresha ikoranabuhanga bitewe n'iterambere ry'ikoranabuhanga n'inyungu z'amafaranga akoreshwa mu gishoro.
Sisitemu zo gutwara hydraulic zifite umwanya wazo, ariko ntizifatwa nk'izikwiriye hagati ya za disiki ebyiri zihinduka.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Nyakanga-14-2022
