2 Ukuthutha ngaphansi komhlaba
1) Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba
Ukuthuthwa komhlabathi kuyisixhumanisi esibalulekile ekumbiweni nasekukhiqizweni kwe-ore yensimbi engaphansi komhlaba kanye ne-ore engeyona eyensimbi, futhi ububanzi bomsebenzi wayo buhlanganisa ukuthuthwa kwe-stope kanye nokuthuthwa komgwaqo. Kuyindlela yokuthutha ye-stope eqhubekayo, ubuso be-tunneling kanye nendawo yokugcina imigodi engaphansi komhlaba, indawo yokugcwalisa imayini noma indawo yokugcina imigodi engaphansi komhlaba kanye nensimu yamatshe amdaka. Ukuthuthwa kwe-Stope kufaka phakathi ukuthuthwa kwamandla adonsela phansi, ukuthuthwa kwe-rake kagesi, ukuthuthwa kwemishini engenamkhondo (ukuthuthwa kwefosholo, izimoto zomshini wokulayisha noma zemayini), ukuthuthwa komshini wokumba ngokudlidliza kanye nokuthuthwa kwamandla okuqhuma, njll. Ukuthuthwa komgwaqo kufaka phakathi ukuthuthwa komzila wesigaba sesiteji kanye nomzila othambekele, okungukuthi, ukuthuthwa komgwaqo phakathi kwe-funnel ye-stope, i-patio ye-stope noma umgwaqo ongaphansi komthombo oshelelayo oya endaweni yokugcina imigodi engaphansi komhlaba (noma umnyango wokungena).
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba ngokwendlela yokuhamba kanye nemishini yokuthutha kuboniswe kuThebula 3-4.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwezinto zokuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuvamile nokusebenza kahle kokuthutha ngaphansi komhlaba, imishini yokusiza yokuthutha edingekayo ibalulekile.
2) Uhlelo lokuhamba ngaphansi komhlaba
Uhlelo lokuhamba kanye nendlela yokuthutha yezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ngokuvamile kunqunywa ekuthuthukisweni nasekuklanyweni kwamadiphozithi ensimbi. Izimiso ezinqunyiwe kufanele zicabangele izimo zokuvela kwediphozithi, uhlelo lokuthuthukisa, indlela yokumba, isikali sokumba, impilo yesevisi yokukhiqiza, isimo sokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokuthutha kanye nezinga lokuphatha lebhizinisi. Kufanele ibe sezingeni eliphezulu futhi ithembeke kwezobuchwepheshe, ifaneleke futhi ibe nenzuzo kwezomnotho, iphephile ekusebenzeni, ilula ekuphathweni, incane ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla futhi incane ekutshalweni kwezimali.
(1) Ukuhamba ngesitimela
Ukuthuthwa kwezitimela ngokuvamile kubhekisela ekuthuthweni kwezitimela, okuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthuthwa kwezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Ukuthuthwa kwezitimela kwakhiwe kakhulu yizimoto zokumba, imishini yokudonsa kanye nemishini yokusiza kanye neminye imishini, evame ukwakhiwa uhlelo lokuhamba olusebenzayo olune-rake ore, ukulayisha,ibhande elithwalayonoma imishini yokuthutha engenamkhondo, enqubweni yokukhiqiza ingathutha i-ore, amatshe angcolile, izinto zokwakha, imishini kanye nabasebenzi. Kungenye yezinto eziyinhloko ezihlela umkhiqizo futhi zinqume amandla okukhiqiza emayini.
Izinzuzo zokuhamba ngesitimela ukusetshenziswa kabanzi, amandla amakhulu okukhiqiza (okunqunywa yinani lama-locomotive), ibanga lokuhamba elingenamkhawulo, umnotho omuhle, ukuhlela okuguquguqukayo, futhi kungathutha izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-ore emgqeni wokuxhumanisa. Ububi ukuthi ukuthutha kuyaphazamiseka, ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kuncike ezingeni lokuhlela umsebenzi kunemikhawulo (ngokuvamile 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), futhi kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha kokuhamba lapho umthambeka womugqa mkhulu kakhulu.
Ukugijima emzileni kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuhamba ibanga elide ngokuvundlile. Igeyiji yethrekhi ihlukaniswe nge-standard gauge kanye ne-narrow gauge. Igeyiji ejwayelekile ingu-1435mm, kanti i-narrow gauge ihlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezintathu: 600mm, 762mm kanye ne-900 mm. Ngokwe-gauge ehlukene, i-locomotive ingahlukaniswa nge-standard gauge locomotive kanye ne-narrow gauge locomotive; ngokwe-energy ehlukene esetshenziswayo, i-mineing locomotive ingahlukaniswa nge-electric locomotive, i-diesel locomotive kanye ne-steam locomotive. I-steam locomotives isusiwe ngokuyisisekelo, futhi i-diesel locomotives ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa kuphela indawo. I-electric locomotive iqhutshwa amandla kagesi, ngokwe-nature of power supply, i-electric locomotive ingahlukaniswa nge-DC electric locomotive kanye ne-AC electric locomotive, i-DC electric locomotive iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu. Manje, kunabasebenzisi abaningi abaqale ukusebenzisa imoto yokuguqulwa kwemvamisa. Ngokwe-energy mode ehlukene, i-DC electric locomotive ihlukaniswe nge-wire electric locomotive kanye ne-battery electric locomotive, futhi iningi le-non-coal commercial mine esetshenziswa ngaphansi komhlaba eShayina yi-wire electric locomotive.
Njengoba inesakhiwo esilula, izindleko eziphansi, ukulungiswa okulula, umthamo omkhulu wokuthutha izitimela, isivinini esikhulu, ukusebenza kahle kukagesi okuphezulu, izindleko zokuthutha eziphansi, yiyona esetshenziswa kakhulu. Okubi ukuthi izikhungo zokulungisa kanye nezintambo aziguquguquki ngokwanele; ubukhulu bomgwaqo kanye nokuphepha kwabahamba ngezinyawo kuthinta inhlansi phakathi kwe-pantograph kanye nomugqa akuvunyelwe ekwakhiweni kokuqala kwezimayini zegesi ezinkulu, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, izindleko eziphelele zemoto ziphansi kakhulu kunezemoto yebhethri. I-voltage ye-DC ingu-250V kanye no-550V.
Injini kagesi yebhethri iyibhethri lokunikeza ugesi. Ibhethri livame ukushajwa egaraji lenjini engaphansi komhlaba. Ngemva kokuba ibhethri elisenjinini selisetshenziswe ngezinga elithile, kuyacetyiswa ukuthi kushintshwe ibhethri elishajiwe. Inzuzo yalolu hlobo lwenjini kagesi ukuthi ayikho ingozi yokushaja, efanelekile ukusetshenziswa kwezimayini zegesi ngaphandle komugqa odingekayo, ukusetshenziswa okuguquguqukayo, kokukhipha okuncane, uhlelo lokuhamba komgwaqo olungajwayelekile kanye nokuthuthwa kwemigwaqo emincane kufanelekile kakhulu. Ububi bayo ukuthi ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kwemishini yokushaja kunokusebenza kahle kukagesi okuphansi kanye nezindleko eziphezulu zokuhamba. Ngokuvamile, injini yocingo isetshenziswa esigabeni sokumba, futhi isigaba sokuthuthukiswa singasebenzisa imoto yebhethri ukunqoba izimo zangaphandle. Emgwaqweni womoya obuyayo onegesi yokuqhumisa, akufanele kusetshenziswe, imayini yesulfure ephezulu kanye nengozi yomlilo yemvelo, kufanele kusetshenziswe imoto yebhethri engaqhumi.
Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezimbili ezingenhla ze-ama-motor kagesi, kunezinjini zikagesi zamandla amabili, ikakhulukazi zingahlukaniswa zibe yi-wire —— i-electric locomotive yohlobo lwebhethri kanye ne-electric locomotive yohlobo lwekhebula. Kukhona ishaja ezenzakalelayo ku-electric locomotive yebhethri, engathuthukisa izinga lokusetshenziswa futhi isebenzise ukuguquguquka. Lapho usebenza emzileni wokuthutha, ukunikezwa kwamandla ekhebula, kodwa ibanga lokuhamba lokunikezwa kwamandla ekhebula akufanele lidlule ubude bekhebula.
Izitimela zokushisa zangaphakathi azidingi umugqa, utshalomali oluphansi, ziguquguquka kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, isakhiwo siyinkimbinkimbi futhi igesi yokukhipha umoya ingcolisa umoya, ngakho-ke kuyadingeka ukufaka idivayisi yokuhlanza igesi yokukhipha umoya echwebeni lokukhipha umoya nokuqinisa umoya womgwaqo. Njengamanje, zimbalwa izimayini eShayina ezisetshenziswa esigabeni sokuhlangana kobuso esinomoya omuhle kanye nokuthuthwa kobuso, kanti ezinye izimayini zisetshenziswa ezimayini zakwamanye amazwe.
Izimoto zokumba zithutha i-ore (amatshe angcolile), izimoto zabantu nezimoto, izimoto zezinto ezibonakalayo, izimoto eziqhumayo, amaloli amanzi, amaloli omlilo nezimoto zangasese kanye nezinye izimoto ezikhethekile.
(2) Ezokuthutha ezingenamkhondo
Ngawo-1960, ngokuthuthukiswa kwemishini engaphansi komhlaba engenamkhondo, ubuchwepheshe bokumba obungaphansi komhlaba obungenamkhondo nabo buthuthukiswe ngokushesha.
Imoto yokumba ngaphansi komhlaba iyimoto ezishayela yona eyenzelwe ngokukhethekile imayini engaphansi komhlaba. Iyimoto eyinhloko yokuthutha ukuze kufezwe ubuchwepheshe bokumba ngaphandle komzila, futhi inezinzuzo zokuhamba, ukuguquguquka, amandla amaningi kanye nomnotho. Izimoto zokumba ngaphansi komhlaba zisetshenziswa kabanzi kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ezinezimo ezifanele zokumba ezithuthukisiwe, ezingagcini nje ngokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo wabasebenzi kanye nomkhiqizo wezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba, zikhuthaze ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwesilinganiso sokukhiqiza, kodwa futhi zishintshe inqubo yokumba, indlela yokumba kanye nohlelo lokufaka imihubhe kanye nokuthutha kwezimayini ezinjalo. Ikakhulukazi ngokuthuthukiswa kokuzenzakalela kwezimayini, ukumba okuhlakaniphile kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe kanye nezinhlelo eminyakeni yamuva nje, izimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ziya esiqondisweni esinganamuntu sokumba ngaphandle komzila.
①Izinzuzo eziyinhloko zokuthuthwa kwezimoto zezimayini ngaphansi komhlaba ukuthi
a. Ukuhamba okuguquguqukayo, okunezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo, kanye nekhono elikhulu lokukhiqiza. Idwala lokumba lobuso bezimayini lingathuthwa ngqo liye endaweni ngayinye yokwethula ngaphandle kokudluliselwa phakathi nendawo, kanti abasebenzi, izinto zokwakha kanye nemishini endaweni yokwethula nakho kungafinyelela ngqo ebusweni bokusebenza ngaphandle kokudluliselwa.
b. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, ukusetshenziswa kwezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba ukuthuthwa kwezimoto kungasindisa imishini, insimbi kanye nabasebenzi ngendlela efanele.
c. Ngaphambi kokuqedwa kwesethi ephelele yezindawo zokufaka umgodi, kungenzeka ukuthuthukisa nokwenza lula ukumbiwa kanye nokuthuthwa kwemizimba yensimbi kanye nemiphetho engahleliwe.
d. Ngaphansi kwezimo zebanga elifanele lokuhamba, ukuthuthwa kwezimoto ezingaphansi komhlaba kanye nezixhumanisi zokukhiqiza zincane, okungathuthukisa kakhulu umkhiqizo wabasebenzi.
②Izinkinga zokuthuthwa kwezimoto ngaphansi komhlaba yizilandelayo:
a. Nakuba izimoto zokumba ezingaphansi komhlaba zinedivayisi yokuhlanza igesi yokukhipha umoya, igesi yokukhipha umoya ephuma enjinini kadizili ingcolisa umoya ongaphansi komhlaba, okusengaxazululwa ngokuphelele okwamanje. Izinyathelo ezinjengokuqinisa umoya wokungenisa umoya zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwandisa izindleko zemishini yokungenisa umoya.
b. Ngenxa yekhwalithi embi yomgwaqo wemayini engaphansi komhlaba, ukusetshenziswa kwamathayi kukhulu, futhi izindleko zezingxenye ezisele ziyanda.
c. Umsebenzi wokulungisa mkhulu, udinga abasebenzi abanekhono lokulungisa kanye ne-workshop yokulungisa ehlonyiswe kahle.
d. Ukuze kube lula ukushayela izimoto zokumba ngaphansi komhlaba, ubukhulu besigaba somgwaqo obudingekayo bukhulu, okwandisa izindleko zokuthuthukiswa.
③ Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimoto ezizithulula phansi, izimoto zokumba ezingaphansi komhlaba zivame ukuba nezici ezilandelayo ngesakhiwo:
a. Ingahlanganiswa futhi ihlanganiswe, ilungele indawo enkulu.
b. Ukusebenzisa i-chassis ehlanganisiwe, isiteringi se-hydraulic, ububanzi bomzimba wemoto buncane, irediyasi yokujika incane.
c. Ukuphakama komzimba wemoto kuphansi, ngokuvamile 2 ~ 3m, okufanelekela ukusebenza endaweni encane nephansi engaphansi komhlaba, enesikhungo esiphansi samandla adonsela phansi, okwandisa ikhono lokukhuphuka.
d. Isivinini sokushayela siphansi, futhi amandla enjini yayo mancane, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukukhishwa komoya ophumayo.
(3)Umthuthi webhandeezokuthutha
Ukuthuthwa kwe-conveyor yebhande kuyindlela eqhubekayo yokuhamba, esetshenziswa kakhulu ukuthutha idwala lamaminerali, ingathutha nezinto zokwakha kanye nabasebenzi. Le ndlela yokuhamba inamandla amakhulu okukhiqiza, iphephile futhi inokwethenjelwa, isebenza kalula futhi inezinga eliphezulu lokuzenzakalela. Ngokusebenzisa itheyipu enamandla aphezulu, ukuthuthwa kwe-conveyor yebhande kunezici zebanga elide, ivolumu enkulu kanye nesivinini esikhulu, okuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthuthwa okusebenzayo kwemishini yesimanje yokumba.
Ukusetshenziswa kokuthutha kwebhande lokuthutha insimbi engaphansi komhlaba kunqunyelwe ubukhulu bedwala, umthamo wethrafikhi, ukuthambekela komgwaqo, ijika njalo njalo. Ngokuvamile, idwala lensimbi elichotshoziwe eliqinile kuphela (elingaphansi kuka-350mm) elingathuthwa, futhi lifanele ukusetshenziswa kuphela ngomthamo omkhulu, ukuthambekela komgwaqo omncane, futhi elingenamajika.
Ukuthuthwa kwebhande elingaphansi komhlaba kungahlukaniswa kanje: ① Ukuthuthwa kwebhande elingaphansi komhlaba ngokwendawo elisetshenziswa kuyo kanye nemisebenzi yokuthutha eqediwe, ethola futhi ithuthe ngqo amatshe amaminerali ebusweni bokusebenza kwezimayini. ② Ukuthuthwa kwebhande eliqoqwayo lokumba, ethola idwala lamaminerali kusuka kuma-conveyor amabili noma ngaphezulu amabhande. ③ Ukuthuthwa kwebhande elingaphansi komhlaba, lithwala lonke idwala lokumba elingaphansi komhlaba, kufaka phakathi ibhande elingaphansi komhlaba liye ebusweni bokuthutha kwebhande elingaphansi komhlaba.
Ibhande lokuhambisa lingahlukaniswa ngezinhlobo eziyisisekelo nezikhethekile ngokwesakhiwo esiyisisekelo, kanti uhlobo oluyisisekelo luhlukaniswe ngesimo esiyisicaba nesiyimigoqo. Njengamanje, ibhande lokuhambisa elikhethekile elimele linomgoqo ojulile webhande lokuhambisa, umgoqo webhande ogobile, umgoqo webhande lephethini, umgoqo webhande eliyishubhu, umgoqo webhande lomoya, umgoqo webhande lokucindezela, umgoqo webhande lokugoba njalo njalo.
Ukuthuthwa kwebhande lokuthutha impahla kuqaphela ukuqhubeka kwenqubo yokuthuthwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa neminye imishini yokuthutha, inezici ezilandelayo:
①umthamo wokudlulisa. Umthamo omkhulu womthuthi webhande lasekhaya ufinyelele ku-8400t / h, kanti umthamo omkhulu womthuthi webhande langaphandle ufinyelele ku-37500t / h.
②Ibanga elide lokulethwa. Uma nje kunebhande eliqinile elanele, ngokombono wezobuchwepheshe, ibhande elihambayo elisebangeni lokudlulisa alilinganiselwe. Ubude obubodwa bebhande elihambayo lasekhaya bufinyelele ku-15.84km.
③Ukuguquguquka okuqinile kwendawo. I-conveyor yebhande ingazivumelanisa nendawo kusukela ekhoneni eliphakathi nendawo kanye nendiza evundlile, ukuze kuncishiswe izixhumanisi eziphakathi nendawo njengesiteshi sokudlulisa futhi kuncishiswe ukutshalwa kwezimali kwengqalasizinda, ukuze kugwenywe ukuphazamiseka kwemigwaqo, izitimela, izintaba, imifula, imifula kanye namadolobha avela endaweni noma endizeni.
④Isakhiwo esilula, siphephile futhi sithembekile. Ukuthembeka kwebhande lokuhambisa impahla kuqinisekiswe yizinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi emkhakheni wezimboni.
⑤Izindleko zokusebenza eziphansi. Isikhathi samahora kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla ngeyunithi ngayinye yokuthutha kohlelo lokuhambisa ibhande ngokuvamile kuphansi kakhulu phakathi kwazo zonke izimoto noma imishini emikhulu, futhi ukulungiswa kulula futhi kuyashesha.
⑥ Izinga eliphezulu lokuzenzakalela. Inqubo yokudlulisa ibhande lokuhambisa ilula, ukugxilisa imishini yamandla, ukulawula okuphezulu, kulula ukukufeza ukuzenzakalela.
⑦ Inezimpawu zokuthi isimo sezulu siphansi futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.
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Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Mashi-16-2023
