2 Ukuthutha ngaphantsi komhlaba
1) Ukuhlelwa kwezithuthi eziphantsi komhlaba
Ukuthutha ngaphantsi komhlaba likhonkco elibalulekileyo kwimigodi kunye nokuveliswa kwentsimbi ekrwada engaphantsi komhlaba kunye ne-non-metallic ore, kunye nomsebenzi wayo uquka ukuthuthwa kwestopi kunye nokuthutha kwendlela.Lijelo lothutho lokumisa okuqhubekayo, ubuso betonela kunye nendawo yokugcina imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba, indawo yokuzalisa imigodi okanye indawo yokugcina imigodi yomhlaba kunye nenkunkuma yamatye.Uthutho lwe-stop lubandakanya ukuthuthwa kobunzima bomxhuzulane, uthutho lweharika yombane, uthutho lwesixhobo esingena trackless (uthutho lomhlakulo, umatshini wokulayisha okanye izithuthi zemigodi), uthutho lomatshini wokungcangcazela kunye nothutho lwamandla aqhushumbayo, njl. njl. umzila, oko kukuthi, uthutho lwendlela phakathi kwefenitshala yokumisa, ipatio yokumisa okanye indlela engaphantsi kwendlela yokutyibilika ukuya kumgqomo wokugcina ongaphantsi komhlaba (okanye ekungeneni kwe-adit).
Ukwahlulwa kwezithuthi eziphantsi komhlaba ngokwendlela yothutho kunye nezixhobo zothutho kuboniswe kwiThebhile 3-4.
Ukuhlelwa kwezithuthi eziphantsi komhlaba
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo nokusebenzayo kothutho oluphantsi komhlaba, izixhobo ezincedisayo zothutho eziyimfuneko ziyimfuneko.
2)Inkqubo yothutho ephantsi komhlaba
Inkqubo yothutho kunye nendlela yothutho yomgodi ongaphantsi komhlaba zigqitywa ngokubanzi kuphuhliso kunye noyilo lweediphozithi zentsimbi.Imigaqo emiselweyo kufuneka ithathele ingqalelo iimeko zokwenzeka kwediphozithi, inkqubo yophuhliso, indlela yemigodi, isikali semigodi, ubomi benkonzo yemveliso, imeko yophuhliso lwezixhobo zothutho kunye nenqanaba lolawulo lweshishini.Kufuneka ibe phambili kwaye inokwethenjelwa kwezobuchwepheshe, ingqiqo kwaye inenzuzo kuqoqosho, ikhuselekile ekusebenzeni, ilula kulawulo, incinci ekusebenziseni amandla kunye nokuncinci kutyalo-mali.
(1) Ukuhamba ngololiwe
Uthutho lukaloliwe lubhekisa ngokubanzi kuthutho lukaloliwe, oluyeyona ndlela iphambili yothutho lwemigodi ephantsi komhlaba ekhaya naphesheya.Uthutho lukaloliwe ikakhulu luqulunqwe zizithuthi zemigodi, izixhobo zokutsala kunye noomatshini abancedisayo kunye nezinye izixhobo, ezihlala ziqulunqwe inkqubo yothutho esebenzayo kunye ne-ore ore, ukulayisha,ibhanti lokuhambisaokanye izixhobo zothutho ezingenamkhondo, kwinkqubo yokuvelisa inokuthutha i-ore, inkunkuma yamatye, izixhobo, izixhobo kunye nabasebenzi.Ngenye yezinto eziphambili eziququzelela imveliso kunye nokumisela umthamo wokuvelisa umgodi.
Iingenelo zothutho lukaloliwe kusetyenziso olubanzi, umthamo omkhulu wemveliso (unqunywe linani lee-locomotives), umgama wezothutho ongenamkhawulo, uqoqosho oluhle, ukucwangciswa okuguquguqukayo, kwaye kunokuthutha iindidi zentsimbi ekrwada ecaleni komgca we-bifurcation.Ukungalungi kukuba ukuthutha kuphakathi, ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lentlangano yomsebenzi kunemida (ngokubanzi 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), kwaye kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lokuthutha xa i-slope yomgca inkulu kakhulu.
Ukubaleka kumzila yeyona ndlela iphambili yothutho lomgama omde othe tye.Igeyiji yomzila yahlulwe yaba yigeji eqhelekileyo kunye negeji emxinwa.Igeyiji eqhelekileyo yi-1435mm, kwaye igeyiji emxinwa yahlulwe yaziindidi ezi-3: 600mm, 762mm kunye ne900 mm.Ngokwegeyiji eyahluka-hlukileyo, i-locomotive inokwahlulwa ibe yi-standard gauge locomotive kunye ne-injini yegeji emxinwa;ngokwamandla ahlukeneyo asetyenziswayo, i-locomotive yemigodi inokwahlulwa ibe yi-locomotive yombane, i-diesel locomotive kunye ne-steam locomotive.Iilocomotives zomphunga ziye zapheliswa, kwaye iilocomotives zedizili zisetyenziselwa kuphela umphezulu.I-locomotive yombane iqhutywa ngamandla ombane, ngokobunjani bamandla ombane, i-locomotive yombane inokohlulwa ibe yi-DC electric locomotive kunye ne-AC electric locomotive, i-DC electric locomotive yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu.Ngoku, kukho abasebenzisi abaninzi abaqale ukusebenzisa imoto yokuguqula amaza.Ngokwemowudi yobonelelo lwamandla ohlukeneyo, i-locomotive yombane ye-DC yahlulwe yaziindlela zombane zohlobo lombane kunye nelocomotive yombane yebhetri, kwaye uninzi losetyenziso lomgodi ongaphantsi komhlaba olungengowamalahle e-China luhlobo lombane lombane.
Ngesakhiwo esilula, ixabiso eliphantsi, ukulungiswa okufanelekileyo, umthamo omkhulu wokuthutha i-locomotive, isantya esiphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kombane, iindleko zokuthutha eziphantsi, yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu.Ukungalungi kukuba ukulungiswa kunye nezixhobo zocingo azikwazi ukuguquguquka ngokwaneleyo;ubungakanani bendlela kunye nokhuseleko lwabahambi ngeenyawo luchaphazela i-spark phakathi kwepantograph kwaye umgca awuvumelekanga ekwakhiweni kokuqala kwemigodi yegesi enzulu, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, iindleko ezipheleleyo zemoto ziphantsi kakhulu kunemoto yebhetri.Umbane we-DC yi-250V kunye ne-550V.
Ibhetri yemoto yombane yibhetri yokubonelela ngombane.Ibhetri ihlawuliswa ngokubanzi kwigaraji yemoto ephantsi komhlaba.Emva kokuba ibhetri ekwimotor isetyenziswe kwinqanaba elithile, kuyacetyiswa ukuba ubuyisele ibhetri eshajiweyo.Inzuzo yolu hlobo lwemoto yombane kukuba akukho mngcipheko we-spark tipping, ulungele ukusetyenziswa kwemigodi yegesi ngaphandle komgca oyimfuneko, ukusetyenziswa okuguquguqukayo, ukukhutshwa okuncinci, inkqubo yokuthutha yendlela engaqhelekanga kunye nokuthutha i-tunnel ye-tunneling yendlela ifanelekile kakhulu.Ukungalungi kwayo kukuba utyalo-mali lokuqala lwezixhobo zokutshaja lunombane ophantsi kunye neendleko eziphezulu zokuthutha.Ngokubanzi, i-motor yocingo isetyenziswa kwinqanaba lezemigodi, kwaye inqanaba lophuhliso linokusebenzisa isithuthi sebhetri ukoyisa iimeko zangaphandle.Kwindlela yomoya obuyayo enerhasi eqhumayo, akufuneki isetyenziswe, isalfa ephezulu kunye nengozi yomlilo yendalo emgodini, kufuneka kusetyenziswe injini yebhetri engaqhumayo.
Ukongeza kwezi ntlobo zimbini zingasentlaiinjini zombane, kukho iimotor zamandla eziphindwe kabini, ubukhulu becala zinokwahlulwa zibe lucingo —— uhlobo lombane lohlobo lwe-locomotive yombane kunye nentambo yombane yohlobo lwelocomotive.Kukho itshaja ezenzekelayo kwi-locomotive yombane yebhetri, enokuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa kwaye isebenzise ukuguquguquka.Xa usebenza kumzila wezothutho, ukunikezelwa kwamandla ekhebula, kodwa umgama wokuthutha wentambo yombane awuyi kudlula ubude bekhebula.
Iilocomotives zokutsha zangaphakathi azidingi umgca, utyalo-mali oluphantsi, lubhetyebhetye kakhulu.Nangona kunjalo, isakhiwo sinzima kwaye igesi yokukhupha ingcolisa umoya, ngoko kuyimfuneko ukufakela isixhobo sokucoca igesi yokukhupha kwi-port yokukhupha kunye nokuqinisa umoya wendlela yokuhamba.Okwangoku, kuphela imigodi embalwa e-China isetyenziswa kwindawo edibeneyo ye-adit edibeneyo yomoya kunye nokuthuthwa komhlaba, kwaye imigodi emininzi isetyenziswa kwimigodi yangaphandle.
Izithuthi zemigodi zithutha intsimbi ekrwada (ilitye elibi), abantu kunye nezithuthi, izithuthi eziphathekayo, izithuthi eziqhumayo, iilori zamanzi, iilori zokucima umlilo kunye nezithuthi zococeko kunye nezinye izithuthi ezizodwa.
(2) Uthutho olungenandlela
Ngeminyaka yoo-1960, ngokuphuculwa kwesixhobo esingaphantsi komhlaba esingena trackless, itekhnoloji yokwemba imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba nayo iye yaphuhliswa ngokukhawuleza.
Imoto yomgodi ophantsi komhlaba sisithuthi esiziqhubayo esilungiselelwe ngokukodwa umgodi ongaphantsi komhlaba.Sesona sithuthi siphambili sothutho ukuqonda itekhnoloji yemigodi engenamkhondo, kwaye ineenzuzo zokuhamba, ukuguquguquka, amandla amaninzi kunye noqoqosho.Izithuthi zemigodi ephantsi komhlaba zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuzo zonke iintlobo zemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba enemiqathango efanelekileyo yokuphucula imigodi, engakwazi nje ukuphucula imveliso yabasebenzi kunye nemveliso yemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba, ukukhuthaza ukwanda okuqhubekayo kwesikali semveliso, kodwa kwakhona ukuguqula inkqubo yemigodi, indlela yemigodi. kunye netonela kunye nenkqubo yothutho yaloo migodi.Ngokukodwa ngophuhliso lomatshini wokuzenzela, imigodi ekrelekrele kunye nobunye ubuchwephesha kunye neenkqubo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba ibheka kwicala elingalandelwayo lemigodi engenamkhondo.
①Ezona zinto ziluncedo kuthutho lweemoto zemigodi ephantsi komhlaba zezokuba
a.Ukushukuma okuguquguqukayo, kunye noluhlu olubanzi lwesicelo, kunye namandla amakhulu okuvelisa.Ilitye lokumbiwa kwemigodi linokuthuthwa ngokuthe ngqo kwindawo nganye yokukhulula ngaphandle kokudluliselwa kwe-midway, kunye nabasebenzi, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo kwindawo yokukhulula nazo zinokufikelela ngokuthe ngqo kubuso obusebenzayo ngaphandle kokudluliselwa.
b.Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukusetyenziswa kothutho lweemoto zemigodi ephantsi komhlaba kunokugcina ngokufanelekileyo izixhobo, intsimbi kunye nabasebenzi.
c.Ngaphambi kokugqitywa kwesethi epheleleyo yezibonelelo ze-shaft, kunokwenzeka ukuqhubela phambili kunye nokuququzelela ukumbiwa kwemigodi kunye nokuthuthwa kwemizimba ye-ore kunye nemiphetho ye-sporadic.
d.Phantsi kweemeko zomgama wothutho olufanelekileyo, ukuthuthwa kweemoto zemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba kunye namakhonkco emveliso angaphantsi, anokuphucula kakhulu imveliso yabasebenzi.
②Izinto ezingeloncedo ngothutho lwemoto yomgodi ophantsi komhlaba zilandelayo:
a.Nangona iimoto zemigodi ephantsi komhlaba zinesixhobo sokucoca igesi ephumayo, igesi ephumayo ekhutshwa kwi-injini yedizili ingcolisa umoya ophantsi komhlaba, ongekakwazi ukusonjululwa ngokupheleleyo okwangoku.Amanyathelo afana nokomeleza umoya wokungena komoya adla ngokusetyenziselwa ukunyusa iindleko zezixhobo zokungenisa umoya.
b.Ngenxa yomgangatho ombi womgangatho wendlela yomgodi ongaphantsi komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwamatayara kukhulu, kwaye iindleko zeendawo ezisecaleni ziyenyuka.
c.Umsebenzi wokulungisa mkhulu, udinga abasebenzi abanobuchule bokulungisa kunye neworkshop yokulungisa enezixhobo ezifanelekileyo.
d.Ukuze kube lula ukuqhuba iimoto zemigodi ephantsi komhlaba, ubungakanani becandelo lendlela efunekayo likhulu, nto leyo eyandisa iindleko zophuhliso.
③ Xa kuthelekiswa nezithuthi ezizikhululayo emhlabeni, izithuthi zomgodi ophantsi komhlaba zihlala zinezi mpawu zilandelayo kulwakhiwo:
a.Inokudibanisa kwaye idibanise, ilungele indawo enkulu.
b.Ukusebenzisa i-chassis ecacileyo, i-hydraulic steering, ububanzi bomzimba wemoto buncinci, i-radius yokujika incinci.
c.Ubude bomzimba wemoto buphantsi, ngokubanzi i-2 ~ 3m, efanelekile ukusebenza kwindawo emxinwa kunye nephantsi komhlaba, kunye neziko eliphantsi lomxhuzulane, okwandisa amandla okunyuka.
d.Isantya sokuqhuba siphantsi, kwaye amandla ayo e-injini mancinci, oko kunciphisa ukukhutshwa kombhobho.
(3)Ukuhambisa ibhantiuthutho
Ukuthuthwa kwebhanti yokuthutha yindlela eqhubekayo yokuthutha, esetyenziselwa ukuthutha ilitye lamaminerali, inokuthutha izinto kunye nabasebenzi.Le ndlela yokuthutha inomthamo omkhulu wokuvelisa, ukhuselekile kwaye unokwethenjelwa, umsebenzi olula kunye neqondo eliphezulu lokuzenzekelayo.Ngokusetyenziswa kwe-tape yamandla aphezulu, ukuthutha i-belt conveyor ineempawu zomgama omde, umthamo omkhulu kunye nesantya esiphezulu, esihlangabezana neemfuno zokuthutha ngokufanelekileyo izixhobo zanamhlanje zemigodi.
Ukusetyenziswa kothutho lokuhambisa ibhanti kwintsimbi ekrwada engaphantsi komhlaba kukhawulelwe bubunzima bamatye, umthamo wezithuthi, ukuthambekela kwendlela, ijika njalo njalo.Ngokubanzi, kuphela ilitye elikrwada elicoliweyo lentsimbi ekrwada (engaphantsi kwe-350mm) elinokuthuthwa, kwaye lilungele kuphela ukusetyenziswa ngomthamo omkhulu, ukuthambekela kwendlela encinci, kwaye akukho magophe.
Uthutho lokuhambisa ibhanti elingaphantsi komhlaba linokohlulwa lube: ① uthutho lwebhanti lokumisa ngokwendawo yalo kunye nemisebenzi yothutho egqityiweyo, eyamkele ngokuthe ngqo kwaye ithuthe amatye ezimbiwa kubuso obusebenzayo basemigodini.② Ukuqokelelwa kwebhanti yokuthutha ibhanti lokuthutha, elifumana ilitye leminerali ukusuka ezimbini okanye abahambisi bebhanti abaninzi.③ Uthutho lwebhanti lokuhambisa ibhanti, lithwala lonke ilitye lemigodi elingaphantsi komhlaba, ukuquka isihambisi sebhanti kumphezulu wothutho lokuhambisa ibhanti.
Ibhanti yokuhambisa iyakwazi ukwahlula kwiindidi ezisisiseko kunye nezikhethekileyo ngokwesakhiwo esisisiseko, kwaye uhlobo olusisiseko lwahlulahlulwe lube yi-flat and groove shape.Okwangoku, ummeli webhanti elikhethekileyo elihambisa ibhanti linomhambisi webhanti enzulu, i-corrugated edge belt conveyor, iphethini yebhanti yokuhambisa, i-tubular belt conveyor, i-air cushion belt conveyor, i-conveyor yebhanti yoxinzelelo, i-conveyor yebhanti egoba njalo njalo.
Uthutho lokuhambisa ibhanti luqonda ukuqhubeka kwenkqubo yothutho lwempahla.Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izixhobo zokuhambisa, inezi mpawu zilandelayo:
① umthamo wokuhambisa.Umthamo omkhulu wokuhambisa ibhanti yasekhaya ufikelele kwi-8400t / h, kwaye umthamo omkhulu webhanti yangaphandle ufikelele kwi-37500t / h.
②Umgama omde wokuhanjiswa.Ngethuba nje kukho ibhande eliqinileyo elaneleyo, ukusuka kwimbono yezobugcisa, umqhubi webhanti kumgama wokuhambisa awukhawulelwanga.Ubude obubodwa bokuhambisa ibhanti yasekhaya bufikelele kwi-15.84km.
③Ukukwazi ukuziqhelanisa nokuma komhlaba.I-belt conveyor ingakwazi ukuziqhelanisa nomhlaba ukusuka kwi-curve ephakathi yendawo kunye nenqwelomoya ethe tye, ukwenzela ukunciphisa amakhonkco aphakathi njengesikhululo sokudlulisa kunye nokunciphisa utyalo-mali lweziseko ezingundoqo, ukwenzela ukuba ugweme ukuphazamiseka kweendlela, umzila, iintaba, imilambo. , imilambo kunye nezixeko ezivela kwisithuba okanye kwinqwelomoya.
④Isakhiwo esilula, sikhuselekile kwaye sithembekile.Ukuthembeka kokuthunyelwa kwebhanti kuye kwaqinisekiswa ngezicelo ezininzi kwintsimi yoshishino.
⑤ Iindleko zokusebenza eziphantsi.Ixesha leyure kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwiyunithi nganye yothutho lwenkqubo yokuhambisa ibhanti ngokuqhelekileyo iyona nto iphantsi phakathi kwazo zonke izithuthi zezinto ezininzi okanye izixhobo, kwaye ukugcinwa kulula kwaye kuyakhawuleza.
⑥ Iqondo eliphezulu lokuzenzekelayo.Inkqubo yokuhambisa ibhanti ilula, ugxininiso lwezixhobo zamandla, ulawulo oluphezulu, kulula ukufikelela kwi-automation.
⑦ Ineempawu zeqondo eliphantsi lefuthe lemozulu kunye nobomi obude.
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Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-16-2023
