2 Uthutho olungaphantsi komhlaba
1) Uhlu lweendlela zokuhamba phantsi komhlaba
Uthutho olungaphantsi komhlaba lukhonkco olubalulekileyo ekumbiweni nasekuvelisweni kwe-ore yesinyithi engaphantsi komhlaba kunye ne-ore engeyiyo yesinyithi, kwaye umda womsebenzi walo uquka uthutho oluyi-stope kunye nothutho oluhamba ngendlela. Ngumjelo wothutho lwe-stope eqhubekayo, ubuso be-tunneling kunye nendawo yokugcina imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba, indawo yokuzalisa imigodi okanye indawo yokugcina imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba kunye nentsimi yamatye enkunkuma. Uthutho oluyi-stope luquka uthutho oluzihambela ngokwalo, uthutho lwe-electric rake, uthutho lwezixhobo ezingenamkhondo (uthutho lwefosholo, umatshini wokulayisha okanye izithuthi zemigodi), uthutho lomatshini wokwemba imigodi ngokungcangcazela kunye nothutho olunamandla okuqhuma, njl. Uthutho oluhamba ngendlela luquka uthutho lomzila wesigaba kunye nomzila othe tyaba, oko kukuthi, uthutho oluhamba ngendlela phakathi kwe-stope funnel, i-stope patio okanye indlela engaphantsi komthombo otyibilikayo ukuya kwindawo yokugcina imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba (okanye umnyango ongezantsi).
Uhlu lweendlela zokuhamba ngaphantsi komhlaba ngokwendlela yokuthutha kunye nezixhobo zokuthutha luboniswe kwiTheyibhile 3-4.
Uhlu lweendlela zokuthutha ezingaphantsi komhlaba
Ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza okuqhelekileyo nokusebenzayo kothutho olungaphantsi komhlaba, izixhobo ezincedisayo zothutho ezifunekayo azinakufuneka.
2) Inkqubo yothutho engaphantsi komhlaba
Inkqubo yothutho kunye nendlela yothutho lwemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba ngokubanzi imiselwa kuphuhliso kunye noyilo lweediphozithi zentsimbi. Imigaqo emiselweyo kufuneka iqwalasele iimeko zokuvela kwediphozithi, inkqubo yophuhliso, indlela yokwemba, ubungakanani bemigodi, ubomi benkonzo yemveliso, imeko yophuhliso lwezixhobo zothutho kunye nenqanaba lolawulo lweshishini. Kufuneka ibe phambili kwaye ithembeke kubuchwepheshe, ibe nengqiqo kwaye ibe luncedo kwezoqoqosho, ikhuselekile ekusebenzeni, ilula kulawulo, incinci ekusebenziseni amandla kwaye incinci kutyalo-mali.
(1) Uthutho lwesitimela
Uthutho lwesitimela ludla ngokubhekisa kuthutho lweekamela, oluyindlela ephambili yothutho lweemigodi ezingaphantsi komhlaba ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe. Uthutho lwesitimela luquka ikakhulu izithuthi zemigodi, izixhobo zokudonsa kunye noomatshini abancedisayo kunye nezinye izixhobo, ezidla ngokwenziwa ngenkqubo yothutho esebenzayo ene-rake ore, ukulayisha,ibhendi yokuthuthaokanye izixhobo zothutho ezingenamkhondo, kwinkqubo yemveliso zinokuthutha i-ore, amatye amdaka, izixhobo, izixhobo kunye nabasebenzi. Yenye yezona zinto ziphambili eziququzelela imveliso kwaye zimisela amandla emveliso yomgodi.
Iingenelo zothutho ngololiwe kukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, amandla amakhulu emveliso (axhomekeke kwinani leenjini), umgama ongenamkhawulo wothutho, uqoqosho oluhle, ucwangciso oluguquguqukayo, kwaye lunokuthutha iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentsimbi kumgca wobini. Ingxaki kukuba uthutho luhlala lungenaxesha, ukusebenza kakuhle kwemveliso kuxhomekeke kwinqanaba lolungiselelo lomsebenzi linemida (ngokubanzi i-3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), kwaye kunzima ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lothutho xa umthambeka womgca mkhulu kakhulu.
Ukubaleka kumzila yeyona ndlela iphambili yokuthutha umgama omde ngokuthe tye. Igeyiji yomzila yahlulwe yaba yi-standard gauge kunye ne-narrow gauge. Igeyiji eqhelekileyo yi-1435mm, kwaye i-narrow gauge yahlulwe yaba ziintlobo ezi-3: 600mm, 762mm kunye ne-900 mm. Ngokwegeyiji eyahlukileyo, i-locomotive inokwahlulwa ibe yi-standard gauge locomotive kunye ne-narrow gauge locomotive; ngokwendlela eyahlukileyo yamandla asetyenziswayo, i-mining locomotive inokwahlulwa ibe yi-electric locomotive, i-diesel locomotive kunye ne-steam locomotive. Ii-steam locomotives ziye zasuswa ngokusisiseko, kwaye ii-diesel locomotives zihlala zisetyenziselwa umphezulu kuphela. I-electric locomotive iqhutywa ngamandla ombane, ngokwendlela yombane, i-electric locomotive inokwahlulwa ibe yi-DC electric locomotive kunye ne-AC electric locomotive, i-DC electric locomotive yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu. Ngoku, kukho abasebenzisi abaninzi abaqale ukusebenzisa imoto yokuguqula i-frequency. Ngokwendlela eyahlukileyo yombane, i-DC electric locomotive yahlulwe yaba yi-wire electric locomotive kunye ne-battery electric locomotive, kwaye uninzi lwe-non-coal coal electric locomotive ezisetyenziswa phantsi komhlaba eTshayina zii-wire type electric locomotive.
Ngesakhiwo esilula, iindleko eziphantsi, ulondolozo olulula, umthamo omkhulu wothutho lweelocomotive, isantya esiphezulu, ukusebenza kakuhle kombane, iindleko eziphantsi zothutho, yeyona isetyenziswa kakhulu. Ingxaki kukuba ukulungiswa kunye nezixhobo zocingo aziguquguquki ngokwaneleyo; ubungakanani bendlela kunye nokhuseleko lwabahambi ngeenyawo zichaphazela intlantsi phakathi kwepantograph kunye nomgca akuvumelekanga kulwakhiwo lokuqala lwemigodi yegesi enzima, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha, iindleko zizonke zemoto ziphantsi kakhulu kunezemoto yebhetri. I-DC voltage yi-250V kunye ne-550V.
Imoto yombane yebhetri yibhetri yokubonelela ngombane. Ibhetri idla ngokutshajwa kwigaraji yemoto engaphantsi komhlaba. Emva kokuba ibhetri ekwimoto isetyenzisiwe ukuya kwinqanaba elithile, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kutshintshwe ibhetri etshajiweyo. Inzuzo yolu hlobo lwemoto yombane kukuba akukho bungozi bokutshaja, ifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kwemigodi yegesi ngaphandle komgca ofunekayo, ukusetyenziswa okuguquguqukayo, imveliso encinci, inkqubo yokuthutha indlela engahambelaniyo kunye nothutho lwendlela ifanelekile kakhulu. Ingxaki yayo kukuba utyalo-mali lokuqala lwezixhobo zokutshaja lunombane ophantsi kwaye luneendleko eziphezulu zothutho. Ngokubanzi, imoto yentsimbi isetyenziswa kwinqanaba lokwemba, kwaye inqanaba lophuhliso lingasebenzisa imoto yebhetri ukoyisa iimeko zangaphandle. Kwindlela yomoya ebuyayo enegesi yokuqhumisa, akufuneki isetyenziswe, imigodi yesalfure eninzi kunye nengozi yomlilo yendalo, kufuneka kusetyenziswe imoto yebhetri engaqhumiyo.
Ukongeza kwezi ntlobo zimbini zingasentla zeiimoto zombaneKukho iimoto zombane zamandla amabini, ikakhulu zinokwahlulwa zibe yintambo —— ilocomotive yombane yohlobo lwebhetri kunye nelocomotive yombane yohlobo lwekhebula. Kukho itshaja ezenzekelayo kwilocomotive yombane yebhetri, enokuphucula izinga lokusetyenziswa kwaye isebenzise ukuguquguquka. Xa usebenza kwindlela yokuthutha, umbane wekhebula, kodwa umgama wokuthutha wombane wekhebula akufuneki udlule ubude bekhebula.
Iinjini zomlilo zangaphakathi azidingi kumisa imigca, utyalo-mali oluphantsi, ziguquguquka kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, isakhiwo siyinkimbinkimbi kwaye igesi yokukhupha umoya ingcolisa umoya, ngoko ke kuyimfuneko ukufaka isixhobo sokucoca igesi yokukhupha umoya kwizibuko lokukhupha umoya kunye nokuqinisa umoya wendlela. Okwangoku, zimbalwa iimigodi eTshayina ezisetyenziswa kwicandelo lokudibana komphezulu kunye nokuthuthwa komphezulu okunomoya ococekileyo, kwaye ezinye iimigodi zisetyenziswa kwimigodi yangaphandle.
Izithuthi zemigodi zithutha i-ore (amatye enkunkuma), izithuthi zabantu, izithuthi zezinto eziphathekayo, izithuthi eziqhumayo, iilori zamanzi, iilori zomlilo kunye nezithuthi zococeko kunye nezinye izithuthi ezikhethekileyo.
(2) Uthutho olungenamkhondo
Kwiminyaka yoo-1960, ngokuphuculwa kwezixhobo ezingaphantsi komhlaba ezingenamkhondo, ubuchwepheshe bokwemba obungaphantsi komhlaba obungenamkhondo nabo buphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza.
Imoto yokwemba phantsi komhlaba sisithuthi esiziqhubayo esilungiselelwe ngokukodwa imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba. Sisithuthi esiphambili sothutho esiza kuphumeza itekhnoloji yokwemba ngaphandle kwendlela, kwaye ineengenelo zokuhamba, ukuguquguquka, amandla amaninzi kunye noqoqosho. Izithuthi zemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba zisetyenziswa kakhulu kuzo zonke iintlobo zemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba eneemeko ezifanelekileyo zokwemba ngcono, ezingenakuphucula kuphela imveliso yabasebenzi kunye nemveliso yemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba, zikhuthaze ukwanda okuqhubekayo komlinganiselo wemveliso, kodwa zikwatshintsha inkqubo yokwemba, indlela yokwemba kunye nenkqubo yokuthutha imigodi enjalo. Ingakumbi ngophuhliso lwe-automation yemigodi, ukwemba okukrelekrele kunye nezinye iiteknoloji kunye neenkqubo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, imigodi engaphantsi komhlaba isiya kwicala elingenamntu lokukwemba ngaphandle kwendlela.
①Iingenelo eziphambili zokuthutha iimoto ngokusebenzisa imigodi phantsi komhlaba kukuba
a. Ukuhambahamba okuguquguqukayo, okunoluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo, kunye nokukwazi ukuvelisa okukhulu. Ilitye lokumba elisecaleni kwemigodi linokuhanjiswa ngqo kwindawo nganye yokukhupha impahla ngaphandle kokudluliselwa phakathi, kwaye abasebenzi, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo ezikwindawo yokukhupha impahla zinokufikelela ngqo kwindawo yokusebenza ngaphandle kokudluliselwa.
b. Phantsi kweemeko ezithile, ukusetyenziswa kwemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba ukuthuthwa kweemoto kunokonga ngokufanelekileyo izixhobo, intsimbi kunye nabasebenzi.
c. Ngaphambi kokuba kugqitywe iseti epheleleyo yeendawo zokufaka imigodi, kunokwenzeka ukuqhubela phambili nokwenza lula ukwembiwa kunye nokuthuthwa kwemizimba yentsimbi kunye nemiphetho engacwangciswanga.
d. Phantsi kweemeko zomgama ofanelekileyo wokuhamba, ukuthuthwa kweemoto kunye nokudibanisa imveliso yemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba kuncinci, nto leyo enokuphucula kakhulu imveliso yabasebenzi.
②Iingxaki zokuthuthwa kweemoto ngokusebenzisa imigodi phantsi komhlaba zezi zilandelayo:
a. Nangona iimoto zemigodi ezingaphantsi komhlaba zinesixhobo sokucoca igesi ephumayo, igesi ephumayo ephuma kwinjini yedizili ingcolisa umoya ongaphantsi komhlaba, nto leyo engekasonjululwa ngokupheleleyo okwangoku. Amanyathelo anjengokomeleza umoya adla ngokusetyenziswa ukonyusa iindleko zezixhobo zokungenisa umoya.
b. Ngenxa yomgangatho ophantsi womphezulu wendlela yomgodi ongaphantsi komhlaba, ukusetyenziswa kwamatayara kukhulu, kwaye iindleko zezinto ezingasetyenziswayo ziyanda.
c. Umsebenzi wokulungisa mkhulu, kufuneka abasebenzi abanobuchule bokulungisa kunye neworkshop yokulungisa exhotyiswe kakuhle.
d. Ukuze kube lula ukuqhuba iimoto zemigodi ezingaphantsi komhlaba, ubungakanani becandelo lendlela elifunekayo bukhulu, nto leyo enyusa iindleko zophuhliso.
③ Xa kuthelekiswa nezithuthi ezizithulela ngokwazo emhlabeni, izithuthi zemigodi ezingaphantsi komhlaba zihlala zineempawu ezilandelayo kwisakhiwo:
a. Ingadityaniswa kwaye idityaniswe, iqula elikhulu elilungeleyo.
b. Ukusebenzisa i-chassis edibeneyo, i-hydraulic steering, ububanzi bomzimba wemoto buncinci, i-radius yokujika incinci.
c. Ukuphakama komzimba wemoto kuphantsi, ngokubanzi yi-2 ~ 3m, efanelekileyo ukusebenza kwindawo emxinwa nephantsi engaphantsi komhlaba, enesiseko esiphantsi somxhuzulane, nto leyo eyandisa amandla okukhwela.
d. Isantya sokuqhuba siphantsi, kwaye amandla enjini yayo mancinci, nto leyo enciphisa ukukhutshwa komoya ophumayo.
(3)Umthuthi webhantiuthutho
Uthutho lwebhanti yindlela yokuthutha eqhubekayo, esetyenziselwa kakhulu ukuthutha ilitye leeminerali, inokuthutha nezinto kunye nabasebenzi. Le ndlela yokuthutha inomthamo omkhulu wemveliso, ikhuselekile kwaye ithembekile, isebenza lula kwaye ikwinqanaba eliphezulu lokuzenzekelayo. Ngokusebenzisa iteyiphu enamandla aphezulu, uthutho lwebhanti yokuthutha luneempawu zomgama omde, umthamo omkhulu kunye nesantya esiphezulu, ezihlangabezana neemfuno zothutho olusebenzayo lwezixhobo zemigodi zanamhlanje.
Ukusetyenziswa kothutho lwebhanti kwi-ore engaphantsi komhlaba kuthintelwe bubunzima belitye, umthamo wendlela, ukuthambekela kwendlela, igophe njalo njalo. Ngokubanzi, kuphela ilitye le-ore elicoliweyo elirhabaxa (elingaphantsi kwe-350mm) elinokuthuthwa, kwaye lifanele ukusetyenziswa kuphela ngomthamo omkhulu, ukuthambekela kwendlela encinci, kwaye lingenamagophe.
Ukuthuthwa kwebhanti engaphantsi komhlaba kunokwahlulwahlulwa kube zezi: ① ukuthuthwa kwebhanti e-stope ngokwendawo esetyenziswa kuyo kunye nemisebenzi yokuthutha egqityiweyo, efumana kwaye ithuthe ngqo amatye eeminerali ukusuka kwindawo yokusebenza kwemigodi. ② Ukuthuthwa kwebhanti eqokelelweyo yokuqokelela imigodi, efumana ilitye leminerali kwiibhanti ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu. ③ Ukuthuthwa kwebhanti esiqu, ithwala lonke ilitye lemigodi engaphantsi komhlaba, kuquka nebhanti ethwalayo ukuya kumphezulu wothutho lwebhanti.
I-conveyor yebhanti inokwahlulwahlulwa ibe ziintlobo ezisisiseko nezikhethekileyo ngokwesakhiwo esisisiseko, kwaye uhlobo olusisiseko lwahlulwe lube yimilo ethe tyaba neyomjelo. Okwangoku, i-conveyor yebhanti ekhethekileyo emeleyo ine-conveyor yebhanti enzulu yomjelo, i-conveyor yebhanti enomphetho ogobileyo, i-conveyor yebhanti yepateni, i-conveyor yebhanti etyhubhu, i-conveyor yebhanti yomqamelo womoya, i-conveyor yebhanti yoxinzelelo, i-conveyor yebhanti egobileyo njl.njl.
Ukuthuthwa kwebhanti yokuthutha impahla kuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka kwenkqubo yokuthutha impahla. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izixhobo zokuhambisa impahla, ineempawu ezilandelayo:
①umthamo wokuhambisa. Umthamo ophezulu webhanti yasekhaya ufikelele kwi-8400t / h, kwaye umthamo ophezulu webhanti yangaphandle ufikelele kwi-37500t / h.
②Umgama omde wokuhambisa. Ukuba nje kukho ibhanti eyomeleleyo eyaneleyo, ngokwembono yobugcisa, i-conveyor yebhanti kumgama wokuhambisa ayinqunyelwe. Ubude obunye be-conveyor yebhanti yasekhaya bufikelele kwi-15.84km.
③Ukulungelelaniswa komhlaba okuqinileyo. Ibhanti yokuthutha inokukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nomhlaba ukusuka kwigophe eliphakathi lesithuba kunye neplane ethe tye, ukuze kuncitshiswe amakhonkco aphakathi afana nesitishi sokudlulisa kunye nokunciphisa utyalo-mali lweziseko zophuhliso, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuphazamiseka kweendlela, oololiwe, iintaba, imilambo, imilambo kunye nezixeko ezivela kwindawo okanye kwiplane.
④Isakhiwo esilula, sikhuselekile kwaye sithembekile. Ukuthembeka kwebhanti yokuhambisa impahla kuye kwaqinisekiswa zizicelo ezininzi kwicandelo lemizi-mveliso.
⑤Iindleko zokusebenza eziphantsi. Ixesha kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamandla ngeyunithi nganye yokuthutha inkqubo yokuhambisa ibhanti kudla ngokuba yeyona iphantsi kuzo zonke izithuthi okanye izixhobo ezinkulu, kwaye ukugcinwa kulula kwaye kuyakhawuleza.
⑥ Inqanaba eliphezulu lokuzenzekelayo. Inkqubo yokuhambisa i-belt conveyor ilula, ixinanisekile kwizixhobo zamandla, ulawulo oluphezulu, kulula ukuyifumana i-automation.
⑦ Ineempawu zokuba imozulu iphantsi kwaye ihlala ixesha elide.
Iwebhu:https://www.sinocoalition.com/
Email: sale@sinocoalition.com
Ifowuni: +86 15640380985
Ixesha lokuthumela: Matshi-16-2023
