2 Kutakurwa kwepasi pevhu
1) Kupatsanurwa kwekutakura kwepasi pevhu
Kutakurwa kwepasi pevhu chinhu chakakosha mukuchera nekugadzira simbi yepasi pevhu nesimbi dzisiri dzesimbi, uye basa rayo rinosanganisira kutakurwa kwestope nekutakura mumugwagwa. Ndiyo nzira yekufambisa yestope inoenderera mberi, tunneling face nepasi pevhu, nzvimbo yekuchera migodhi kana imba yekuchengetera migodhi yepasi pevhu nenzvimbo yematombo. Kutakurwa kwestope kunosanganisira kutakura kwesimba remagetsi, kutakurwa kwemagetsi, kutakura michina isina nzira (kutakura mafoshoro, mota dzemuchina wekutakura zvinhu kana dzekuchera), kutakurwa kwemuchina wekuchera vibration nekutakura simba rinoputika, nezvimwewo. Kutakurwa kwemugwagwa kunosanganisira kutakurwa kwenzira yegiredhi rechikamu nemugwagwa wakatsveyama, kureva, kutakurwa kwemugwagwa pakati penzira yestope, nzvimbo yepatio yestope kana mugwagwa uri pasi petsime rinotsvedza kuenda kunzvimbo yekuchengetera zvinhu pasi pevhu (kana kupinda mugedhi).
Kurongwa kwekutakura zvinhu pasi pevhu zvichienderana nenzira yekutakura zvinhu uye michina yekutakura zvinhu kunoratidzwa muTafura 3-4.
Kupatsanurwa kwekutakura kwepasi pevhu
Kuti zvive nechokwadi chekuti kutakurwa kwepasi pevhu kunoshanda zvakanaka uye kwakajairika, michina yekubatsira yekufambisa inodiwa inokosha.
2) Sisitimu yekufambisa pasi pevhu
Sisitimu yekufambisa uye nzira yekufambisa yemigodhi yepasi pevhu zvinowanzo tsanangurwa mukugadzirwa nekugadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzematombo. Nheyo dzakatarwa dzinofanira kufunga nezvemamiriro ekuitika kwenzvimbo yacho, sisitimu yekuvandudza, nzira yekuchera, chiyero chemigodhi, hupenyu hwebasa rekugadzira, mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwemidziyo yekufambisa uye nhanho yekutarisira yebhizinesi. Inofanira kunge yakakwira uye yakavimbika muhunyanzvi, ine musoro uye inobatsira mukuchengetedza mari, yakachengeteka mukushanda, iri nyore mukutarisira, ichishandisa simba shoma uye ishoma mukudyara.
(1) Kufamba nechitima
Kutakurwa kwechitima kunowanzoreva kutakurwa kwemotokari dzemagetsi, inova ndiyo nzira huru yekufambisa migodhi yepasi pevhu kumba nekune dzimwe nyika. Kutakurwa kwechitima kunonyanya kuumbwa nemotokari dzekuchera, michina yekudhonza uye michina yekubatsira nezvimwe zvishandiso, zvinowanzoumbwa nehurongwa hwekufambisa hunoshanda hune matombo erake, kurodha,bhandi rinotakura zvinhukana michina yekufambisa isina nzira, mukugadzirwa kwayo inogona kutakura matombo, matombo akaraswa, zvinhu, michina nevashandi. Ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvinoronga kugadzirwa uye zvinosarudza kugona kwemugodhi kugadzira.
Zvakanakira zvekufambisa njanji kushandiswa kwakafara, kugona kukuru kwekugadzira (zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemaroko), daro risingaperi rekufambisa, hupfumi hwakanaka, kuronga nguva kunochinjika, uye zvinogona kutakura matombo akasiyana-siyana mumutsara wepakati. Dambudziko nderekuti kutakurwa uku kunoitika nguva nenguva, kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira kunoenderana nedanho rebasa rine miganhu (kazhinji 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), uye zvakaoma kuve nechokwadi chekuti kutakurwa kwakachengeteka kana mugero wemutsetse wakakura zvakanyanya.
Kumhanya panjanji ndiyo nzira huru yekufambisa daro refu yakatambanudzwa. Chiyero chenzira chakakamurwa kuita standard gauge ne narrow gauge. Standard gauge i1435mm, uye narrow gauge yakakamurwa kuita mhando nhatu: 600mm, 762mm uye 900 mm. Zvichienderana negeji dzakasiyana, locomotive inogona kukamurwa kuita standard gauge locomotive ne narrow gauge locomotive; zvichienderana nesimba rakasiyana rinoshandiswa, migodhi yekuchera inogona kukamurwa kuita electric locomotive, diesel locomotive ne steam locomotive. Steam locomotives dzakabviswa zvakanyanya, uye diesel locomotives dzinowanzo shandiswa pamusoro chete. Electric locomotive inotungamirwa nesimba remagetsi, zvichienderana nerudzi rwemagetsi, electric locomotive inogona kukamurwa kuita DC electric locomotive ne AC electric locomotive, DC electric locomotive ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Iye zvino, kune vashandisi vazhinji vakatanga kushandisa frequency conversion motor car. Zvichienderana nemagetsi akasiyana, DC electric locomotive yakakamurwa kuita waya yemagetsi nebattery electric locomotive, uye ruzhinji rwemashandisirwo epasi pevhu asiri emarasha muChina iwire type electric locomotive.
Nechivakwa chiri nyore, mutengo wakaderera, kugadzirisa kuri nyore, simba guru rekutakura mota, kumhanya kwakanyanya, kushanda zvakanaka kwemagetsi, mutengo wakaderera wekutakura, ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa. Dambudziko nderekuti kugadzirisa uye waya dzemagetsi hazvichinjiki zvakakwana; saizi yemugwagwa uye kuchengetedzeka kwevanofamba netsoka zvinokanganisa spark iri pakati pepantograph netambo hazvibvumirwi pakuvaka kwekutanga kwemigodhi yegesi yakakura, asi nekufamba kwenguva, mutengo wese wemota wakaderera zvikuru pane wemota yebhatiri. DC voltage ndeye 250V ne550V.
Injini yemagetsi yebhatiri ibheteri yekupa magetsi. Bhatiri rinowanzo shajwa mugaraji remotokari yepasi pevhu. Mushure mekunge bhatiri riri pamota rashandiswa kusvika pamwero wakati, zvinokurudzirwa kutsiva bhatiri rakashajwa. Chinhu chakanaka chemhando iyi yemota yemagetsi ndechekuti hapana njodzi yekutsvuka kwemoto, yakakodzera kushandiswa kwemigodhi yegesi isina tambo inodiwa, kushandiswa kunochinjika, kuti pave nekubuda kudiki, sisitimu yekufambisa migwagwa isina kurongeka uye kutakurwa kwemigwagwa ine tunneling kwakakodzera zvikuru. Dambudziko raro nderekuti mari yekutanga yekushandisa michina yekuchaja ine simba shoma remagetsi uye mutengo wakakwira wekutakura. Kazhinji, mota yewaya inoshandiswa muchikamu chekuchera, uye nhanho yekuvandudza inogona kushandisa mota yebhatiri kukunda mamiriro ekunze. Mumugwagwa wemhepo unodzoka negasi rinoputika, haifanirwe kushandiswa, mgodi wesarufa yakawanda nengozi yemoto wechisikigo, mota yebhatiri inodzivirira kuputika inofanira kushandiswa.
Kuwedzera kune marudzi maviri ari pamusoro apa emota dzemagetsi, kune mota dzemagetsi dzine simba remaviri, dzinogona kukamurwa kuita waya —— mota yemagetsi yemhando yebhatiri uye mota yemagetsi yemhando yetambo. Pane charger otomatiki pamotokari yemagetsi yebhatiri, iyo inogona kuvandudza mwero wekushandiswa uye kushandisa kuchinjika. Pakushanda munzira yekufambisa, simba retambo, asi daro rekufambisa remagetsi etambo harifanirwe kudarika kureba kwetambo.
Maroketi emoto anopisa mukati haadi kutenderera, mari shoma, anochinjika zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, chimiro chacho chakaoma uye gasi rinoburitsa utsi rinosvibisa mhepo, saka zvakakosha kuisa mudziyo wekuchenesa gasi rinoburitsa utsi pachiteshi cheutsi uye kusimbisa mhepo inofefetera mumugwagwa. Parizvino, migodhi mishoma chete muChina inoshandiswa muchikamu chekubatana kwepasi chine mhepo inofefetera zvakanaka uye kutakurwa kwepamusoro, uye migodhi yakawanda inoshandiswa mumigodhi yekune dzimwe nyika.
Motokari dzekuchera migodhi dzinotakura matombo (matombo emarara), mota dzevanhu nemotokari, mota dzezvinhu, mota dzinoputika, marori emvura, marori emoto nemotokari dzehutsanana nedzimwe mota dzakakosha.
(2) Kutakurwa kusina nzira
Mumakore ekuma1960, nekuvandudzwa kwemidziyo yepasi pevhu isina nzira, tekinoroji yekuchera pasi pevhu isina nzira yakagadzirwawo nekukurumidza.
Mota yekuchera pasi pevhu imotokari inofambiswa yega yakagadzirirwa migodhi yepasi pevhu. Ndiyo mota huru yekufambisa inoita tekinoroji yekuchera isina nzira, uye ine mabhenefiti ekufamba, kuchinjika, simba rakawanda uye hupfumi. Mota dzekuchera pasi pevhu dzinoshandiswa zvakanyanya mumhando dzese dzemigodhi yepasi pevhu dzine mamiriro akakodzera ekuvandudza migodhi, izvo zvisingangogone kuvandudza kugona kwevashandi uye kubuda kwemigodhi yepasi pevhu, kukurudzira kuwedzera kwehuwandu hwekugadzira, asiwo kushandura maitiro ekuchera, nzira yekuchera uye sisitimu yekufambisa yemigodhi yakadaro. Kunyanya nekuvandudzwa kwe otomatiki yemigodhi, kuchera kwakangwara nedzimwe tekinoroji uye masisitimu mumakore achangopfuura, migodhi yepasi pevhu iri kuenda kunzira isina munhu yekuchera isina nzira.
①Zvakanakira zvikuru zvekutakura mota dzemugodhi wepasi pevhu ndekuti
a. Kufamba kunochinjika, kune mhando dzakasiyana dzekushandiswa, uye kugona kukuru kwekugadzira. Dombo rekuchera riri pamberi pemugodhi rinogona kutakurwa zvakananga kunzvimbo yega yega yekuburutsa zvinhu pasina kutamiswa pakati, uye vashandi, zvinhu nemidziyo iri panzvimbo yekuburutsa zvinhu zvinogonawo kusvika zvakananga panzvimbo yekushanda pasina kutamiswa.
b. Mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, kushandiswa kwemotokari dzemugodhi wepasi pevhu kunogona kuchengetedza michina, simbi nevashandi.
c. Zvisati zvapera kugadzira shaft facilities, zvinokwanisika kufambisa mberi nekubatsira kuchera nekutakura matombo esimbi nemipendero isingawanzoitiki.
d. Pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu edaro rakaringana rekufambisa, nzira dzekutakura nekugadzira mota dzemugodhi wepasi pevhu dzakaderera, izvo zvinogona kuvandudza zvakanyanya kugona kwevashandi.
②Zvakashata zvekutakura mota kubva mumigodhi yepasi pevhu ndeizvi:
a. Kunyangwe mota dzekuchera pasi pevhu dziine mudziyo wekuchenesa utsi hwegasi, utsi hwegasi hunoburitswa muinjini yedhiziri hunosvibisa mhepo yepasi pevhu, izvo zvisati zvagadziriswa zvizere pari zvino. Matanho akadai sekusimbisa kufefetera anowanzo shandiswa kuwedzera mutengo wemidziyo yekufema.
b. Nekuda kwekusashanda zvakanaka kwemugwagwa wepasi pevhu, kushandiswa kwematayi kwakawanda, uye mutengo wezvikamu zvemotokari unowedzera.
c. Basa rekugadzirisa rakakura, rinoda vashandi vane hunyanzvi hwekugadzirisa uye nzvimbo yekuchengetedza ine midziyo yakakwana.
d. Kuti zvive nyore kutyaira mota dzekuchera pasi pevhu, chikamu chemugwagwa chinodiwa chakakura, izvo zvinowedzera mutengo wekuvaka.
③ Kana tichienzanisa nemotokari dzinoburutsa dzoga pasi, motokari dzinochera pasi pevhu dzinowanzova nechimiro chinotevera:
a. Inogona kuunganidza nekubatanidza, tsime guru riri nyore kushandisa.
b. Uchishandisa chassis yakatsetseka, hydraulic steering, upamhi hwemuviri wemota hwakatetepa, uye radius yekutenderera idiki.
c. Kureba kwemuviri wemota kwakaderera, kazhinji 2 ~ 3m, izvo zvakakodzera kushanda munzvimbo yakamanikana uye yakaderera pasi pevhu, ine nzvimbo yakaderera yegiravhiti, izvo zvinowedzera kugona kukwira.
d. Kumhanya kwekutyaira kwakaderera, uye simba reinjini yayo diki, nokudaro zvichideredza kuburitswa kweutsi.
(3)Bhandi rinotakura zvinhukutakurwa
Kutakurwa kwemabhandi (belt conveyor) inzira yekufambisa inogara ichienderera mberi, inonyanya kushandiswa kutakura matombo emineral, inogonawo kutakura zvinhu nevashandi. Nzira iyi yekufambisa ine simba guru rekugadzira, yakachengeteka uye yakavimbika, iri nyore kushanda uye ine otomatiki yepamusoro. Nekushandisa tepi yakasimba, kutakurwa kwemabhandi (belt conveyor) kune hunhu hwedaro refu, huwandu hwakawanda uye kumhanya kwakanyanya, izvo zvinosangana nezvinodiwa zvekutakura zvinobudirira kwemidziyo yemazuva ano yekuchera.
Kushandiswa kwekutakura mabhandi mumatombo epasi pevhu kunogumira pamatombo, huwandu hwemotokari, kutsveyama kwemugwagwa, kutsveyama nezvimwewo. Kazhinji, matombo ematombo akapwanyika (ari pasi pe350mm) chete ndiwo anogona kutakurwa, uye akakodzera kushandiswa nehukuru hwakakura, kutsveyama kwemugwagwa kudiki, uye pasina kutsveyama.
Kutakurwa kwemabhandi epasi pevhu kunogona kukamurwa kuita: ① kutakurwa kwemabhandi estope zvichienderana nenzvimbo yaanoshandiswa uye mabasa ekufambisa akapedzwa, ayo anogamuchira nekutakura zvakananga matombo emineral kubva kumeso ekushanda kwemugodhi. ② Kutakurwa kwemabhandi ekuunganidza mabhandi emugodhi, ayo anogamuchira matombo emineral kubva kumabhandi maviri kana anopfuura. ③ Kutakurwa kwebhandi reTrunk, rinotakura matombo ese emugodhi pasi pevhu, kusanganisira bhandi rekutakura kuenda pamusoro pekutakura mabhandi.
Bhandi rinoendesa zvinhu rinogona kukamurwa kuita mhando dzekutanga nedzakakosha zvichienderana nechimiro chepakutanga, uye mhando yepakutanga yakakamurwa kuita chimiro chakati sandara nechepaburi. Parizvino, bhandi remhando yepamusoro rine bhandi repaburi rakadzama, bhandi repamucheto rakatetepa, bhandi repatani, bhandi retubhu, bhandi remuchina wemhepo, bhandi repressure, bhandi rinokotama nezvimwewo.
Kutakurwa kwemabhandi kunoita kuti kutakurwa kwezvinhu kurambe kuripo. Kana tichienzanisa nemimwe michina yekufambisa, ine hunhu hunotevera:
①kukwanisa kutakura zvinhu. Kugona kwepamusoro kwemuchina wekutakura zvinhu zvemumba kwasvika 8400t / h, uye kugona kwepamusoro kwemuchina wekutakura zvinhu zvekunze kwasvika 37500t / h.
②Nzvimbo refu yekutumira. Chero bedzi paine bhandi rakasimba rakakwana, kubva pakuona kwehunyanzvi, bhandi rinoendesa bhandi riri padanho rekutumira harina muganho. Kureba kumwe chete kwebhandi rinoendesa bhandi repamba kwasvika 15.84km.
③Kuchinjika kwakasimba kwenzvimbo. Bhandi rinogona kuchinjika kunharaunda kubva panzvimbo ine mwero uye yakatwasuka, kuitira kuderedza zvinongedzo zvepakati zvakaita senzvimbo yekutamisira zvinhu uye kuderedza mari inoshandiswa muzvivakwa, kuitira kudzivirira kukanganiswa kwemigwagwa, njanji, makomo, nzizi, nzizi nemaguta kubva munzvimbo kana ndege.
④Maumbirwo ari nyore, akachengeteka uye akavimbika. Kuvimbika kwebhandi rekutakura zvinhu kwakasimbiswa nekushandiswa kwakawanda mumunda wemaindasitiri.
⑤Mari shoma yekushandisa. Nguva yekushandisa uye simba rinoshandiswa pakutakura mabhandi ekufambisa zvinhu kazhinji kacho ndizvo zvakaderera pakati pemotokari kana michina yakawanda, uye kugadzirisa kuri nyore uye nekukurumidza.
⑥ Kushanda kwemagetsi zvakanyanya. Maitiro ekufambisa mabhandi ari nyore, kuzara kwemidziyo yemagetsi, kudzora kwakanyanya, uye otomatiki iri nyore kuita.
⑦ Ine hunhu hwekuti hainyanyi kukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze uye inogara kwenguva refu.
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