2 Ubwikorezi bwo munsi y'ubutaka
1) Gushyira mu byiciro ubwikorezi bwo munsi y'ubutaka
Gutwara abantu munsi y’ubutaka ni ingenzi mu gucukura no gukora amabuye y’agaciro yo mu butaka n’atari ibyuma, kandi urwego rw’akazi kayo rurimo gutwara abantu muri stope no gutwara abantu mu muhanda. Ni umuyoboro w’ubwikorezi bw’amabuye y’agaciro ahoraho, ububiko bw’amabuye y’agaciro bucukurwa munsi y’ubutaka n’ububiko bw’amabuye y’agaciro yo mu butaka, ububiko bw’amabuye y’agaciro bucukurwa cyangwa ububiko bw’amabuye y’agaciro yo mu butaka n’ubutaka bw’amabuye y’agaciro. Gutwara abantu muri stope birimo gutwara abantu mu buryo bw’imbaraga zikabije, gutwara abantu mu buryo bw’amashanyarazi, gutwara ibikoresho bidafite inzira (gutwara amakaramu, gutwara imashini zipakira imizigo cyangwa ibinyabiziga bicukura), gutwara abantu mu buryo bw’imashini zicukura imitingito no gutwara abantu mu buryo bw’imbaraga ziturika, nibindi. Gutwara abantu mu muhanda birimo gutwara inzira y’urwego rw’icyiciro n’inzira ihengamiye, ni ukuvuga gutwara abantu mu muhanda hagati y’umuyoboro wa stope, patio ya stope cyangwa umuhanda uri munsi y’aho unyura ugana mu bubiko bw’ubutaka (cyangwa aho winjirira).
Ishyirwa mu byiciro ry’ubwikorezi bwo munsi y’ubutaka hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gutwara abantu n’ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu rigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 3-4.
Ishyirwa mu byiciro ry'ubwikorezi bwo munsi y'ubutaka
Kugira ngo ubwikorezi bwo munsi y’ubutaka bukore neza kandi bunoze, ibikoresho by’inyongera bikenerwa mu gutwara abantu ni ngombwa.
2) Sisitemu yo gutwara abantu munsi y'ubutaka
Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu n'ibintu bicukurwa munsi y'ubutaka muri rusange bigenwa mu iterambere no mu miterere y'amabuye y'agaciro. Amahame agenwa agomba kuzirikana imiterere y'aho ububiko buherereye, uburyo bwo guteza imbere, uburyo bwo gucukura, urwego rw'ubucukuzi, igihe cyo gukora, aho ibikoresho byo gutwara abantu bigeze ndetse n'urwego rw'ubuyobozi bw'ikigo. Bigomba kuba bigezweho kandi byizewe mu ikoranabuhanga, bifite ishingiro kandi bifite inyungu mu bukungu, bifite umutekano mu mikorere, byoroshye mu micungire, bikoresha ingufu nke kandi bike mu ishoramari.
(1) Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi
Gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi muri rusange bivuga gutwara abantu mu buryo bwa gari ya moshi, ari na bwo buryo bw'ingenzi bwo gutwara ibirombe byo munsi y'ubutaka mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Gutwara abantu mu buryo bwa gari ya moshi bigizwe ahanini n'ibinyabiziga bicukura amabuye y'agaciro, ibikoresho byo gukurura ibintu n'imashini zifasha n'ibindi bikoresho, akenshi bigizwe n'uburyo bwiza bwo gutwara ibintu bufite amabuye y'agaciro, imitwaro,umukandara w'umukandaracyangwa ibikoresho byo gutwara ibintu bidafite inzira, mu gikorwa cyo gukora bishobora gutwara amabuye y'agaciro, amabuye y'imyanda, ibikoresho, ibikoresho n'abakozi. Ni kimwe mu bintu by'ingenzi bitunganya umusaruro kandi bikagena ubushobozi bw'umusaruro w'ikirombe.
Ibyiza byo gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi ni ugukoreshwa cyane, ubushobozi bwo gukora bwinshi (buterwa n'umubare wa gari ya moshi), intera ntarengwa yo gutwara abantu, uburyo bworoshye bwo gukora, gahunda yoroshye, kandi ishobora gutwara amabuye atandukanye ku murongo wa kabiri. Ingorane ni uko gutwara abantu bibaho rimwe na rimwe, umusaruro uterwa n'urwego rw'akazi rufite imbogamizi (muri rusange 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), kandi biragoye kwemeza umutekano w'ubwikorezi iyo umurongo uhanamye cyane.
Gukoresha inzira ni bwo buryo bw'ingenzi bwo gutwara abantu mu ntera ndende. Igipimo cy'inzira kigabanyijemo igipimo gisanzwe n'igipimo gito. Igipimo gisanzwe ni 1435mm, kandi igipimo gito gigabanyijemo amoko atatu: 600mm, 762mm na 900 mm. Dukurikije igipimo gitandukanye, gari ya moshi ishobora kugabanywamo gari ya moshi isanzwe n'igipimo gito; dukurikije ingufu zitandukanye zikoreshwa, gari ya moshi icukurwa mu bucukuzi ishobora kugabanywamo gari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi, gari ya moshi ikoresha mazutu n'igipimo cy'umwuka. Igari ya moshi yakuweho, kandi gari ya moshi ikoresha mazutu muri rusange ikoreshwa gusa hejuru y'ubutaka. Igari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi ikoreshwa n'ingufu z'amashanyarazi, dukurikije imiterere y'amashanyarazi, gari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi ishobora kugabanywamo gari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi ya DC n'igari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi ya AC, gari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi ya DC niyo ikoreshwa cyane. Ubu, hari abakoresha benshi batangiye gukoresha imodoka ihindura ingano. Dukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gutanga amashanyarazi, gari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi ya DC igabanyijwemo gari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi yo mu bwoko bwa "wire" na gari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi ya batiri, kandi igice kinini cy'ibirombe bicukurwa munsi y'ubutaka mu Bushinwa ni gari ya moshi ikoresha amashanyarazi yo mu bwoko bwa "wire".
Hamwe n'inyubako yoroshye, ihendutse, ikoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye, ubushobozi bwo gutwara gari ya moshi nini, umuvuduko mwinshi, amashanyarazi menshi, ikiguzi gito cyo gutwara, ni yo ikoreshwa cyane. Ingorane ni uko insinga zikoreshwa mu gutunganya no gufunga insinga zidahinduka bihagije; ingano y'umuhanda n'umutekano w'abanyamaguru bigira ingaruka ku zuba riri hagati ya pantografi n'umurongo ntibyemewe mu iyubakwa rya mbere ry'ibirombe bikomeye bya gazi, ariko mu gihe kirekire, igiciro cyose cya moteri kiba kiri hasi cyane ugereranyije n'icya moteri ya bateri. Voltage ya DC ni 250V na 550V.
Moteri y'amashanyarazi ya batiri ni batiri ikoreshwa mu gutanga amashanyarazi. Batiri ikoreshwa muri gareji yo munsi y'ubutaka. Nyuma y'uko batiri iri kuri moteri ikoreshejwe ku rugero runaka, ni byiza gusimbuza batiri ifite umuriro. Akamaro k'ubu bwoko bwa moteri y'amashanyarazi ni uko nta kibazo cyo gutwika, ikoreshwa mu birombe bya gazi nta murongo ukenewe, ikoreshwa mu buryo bworoshye, ikoreshwa mu buryo buke, uburyo bwo gutwara abantu mu muhanda butari bwiza no gutwara abantu mu muhanda birakwiye cyane. Ingorane zayo ni uko ishoramari rya mbere ry'ibikoresho byo gusharija rifite amashanyarazi make kandi ritwara amafaranga menshi yo gutwara. Muri rusange, moteri y'insinga ikoreshwa mu cyiciro cy'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, kandi icyiciro cyo gutera imbere gishobora gukoresha imodoka ya batiri kugira ngo itsinde imimerere yo hanze. Mu muhanda usubiramo ufite gaze irasa, ntugomba gukoreshwa, hagomba gukoreshwa moteri ya batiri idashobora guturika n'umuriro mwinshi.
Uretse ubwoko bubiri bwavuzwe haruguru bwamoteri z'amashanyarazi, hari moteri z'amashanyarazi zikoresha ingufu ebyiri, ahanini zishobora kugabanywamo insinga —— gari ya moteri ikoresha amashanyarazi yo mu bwoko bwa bateri na gari ya moteri ikoresha amashanyarazi yo mu bwoko bwa insinga. Hariho icyuma gitanga umuriro cyikora kuri gari ya moteri ikoresha amashanyarazi, gishobora kunoza umuvuduko wo kuyikoresha no gukoresha ubworoherane. Mu gihe ikora mu muhanda wo gutwara abantu, umuriro utangwa n'insinga, ariko intera yo gutwara umuriro w'amashanyarazi ntugomba kurenza uburebure bw'insinga.
Imodoka zikoresha umuriro imbere mu kirere ntizikenera guhagarara, ishoramari rike, ziroroshye cyane. Ariko, imiterere yayo ni ndende kandi imyuka ihumanya ikirere yangiza ikirere, bityo ni ngombwa gushyiraho igikoresho cyo gusukura imyuka ihumanya ku cyambu cy’imyuka no kongera imbaraga mu guhumeka mu muhanda. Kuri ubu, ibirombe bike gusa mu Bushinwa bikoreshwa mu gice cy’ubuso gifite umwuka mwiza kandi gitwara ubuso, kandi ibindi birombe bikoreshwa mu birombe byo mu mahanga.
Ibinyabiziga bicukura amabuye y'agaciro bitwara amabuye y'agaciro (amabuye y'imyanda), ibinyabiziga by'abantu n'ibinyabiziga, ibinyabiziga by'ibikoresho, ibisasu, amakamyo yo mu mazi, amakamyo azimya umuriro n'ibinyabiziga by'isuku n'ibindi binyabiziga byihariye.
(2) Ubwikorezi butagira inzira
Mu myaka ya 1960, hamwe n’ivugurura ry’ibikoresho byo mu butaka bitagira inzira, ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura mu butaka ritagira inzira naryo ryatejwe imbere vuba.
Imodoka icukura munsi y’ubutaka ni ikinyabiziga cyigenga cyagenewe gucukura munsi y’ubutaka. Ni cyo kinyabiziga cy’ingenzi gitwara abantu kugira ngo gikore ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura mu buryo butagira inzira, kandi gifite ibyiza byo kugenda, koroherana, gukoresha ingufu nyinshi no kuzigama. Imodoka zicukura munsi y’ubutaka zikoreshwa cyane mu bwoko bwose bw’ibirombe byo munsi y’ubutaka bifite imiterere ikwiye yo kunoza ubucukuzi, ibyo bikaba bitakongera umusaruro w’abakozi n’umusaruro w’ibirombe byo munsi y’ubutaka gusa, bigatera imbere mu kwagura umusaruro, ahubwo binahindura inzira yo gucukura, uburyo bwo gucukura n’uburyo bwo gutwara ibirombe nk’ibyo. Cyane cyane bitewe n’iterambere ry’imikorere y’ibirombe, ubucukuzi bw’ubwenge n’ubundi buryo bwo gucukura mu myaka ya vuba aha, ibirombe byo munsi y’ubutaka byerekeza mu cyerekezo kitagira abapilote cy’ibirombe byo munsi y’ubutaka.
①Ibyiza by'ingenzi byo gucukura munsi y'ubutaka mu gutwara imodoka ni uko
a. Uburyo bworoshye bwo kugenda, bufite uburyo bwinshi bwo gukoresha, kandi bufite ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu byinshi. Ibuye ry'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro rishobora kujyanwa ahantu hose ho gupakurura ibintu hatabayeho kwimurwa hagati mu gihe cyo kubimura, kandi abakozi, ibikoresho n'ibikoresho biri aho gupakurura ibintu na byo bishobora kugera aho bikorera hatabayeho kwimurwa.
b. Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, gukoresha uburyo bwo gucukura munsi y'ubutaka mu gutwara imodoka bishobora kuzigama ibikoresho, ibyuma n'abakozi mu buryo bukwiye.
c. Mbere y'uko ibikoresho byose byo gucukura amabuye y'agaciro birangira, birashoboka guteza imbere no koroshya ubucukuzi n'ubwikorezi bw'amabuye y'agaciro n'inkombe zayo zidakora neza.
d. Mu gihe cy'intera iringaniye mu gutwara abantu, ubwikorezi bw'imodoka zicukurwa munsi y'ubutaka n'umusaruro wazo ni bike, ibyo bikaba bishobora kongera umusaruro w'abakozi cyane.
②Ibibi byo gucukura munsi y'ubutaka mu gutwara imodoka ni ibi bikurikira:
a. Nubwo imodoka zicukura munsi y’ubutaka zifite igikoresho cyo gusukura imyuka ihumanya, imyuka iva muri moteri ya mazutu ihumanya ikirere cyo munsi y’ubutaka, ariko kugeza ubu ntishobora gukemurwa burundu. Ingamba nko kongera imbaraga mu guhumeka zikoreshwa mu kongera ikiguzi cy’ibikoresho byo guhumeka.
b. Bitewe n'ubuziranenge bw'umuhanda wo munsi y'ubutaka, amapine akoreshwa cyane, kandi ikiguzi cy'ibikoresho bisimbura ibindi kiriyongera.
c. Umushahara w'akazi ko kubungabunga ni munini, hakenewe abakozi b'inzobere mu gusana n'amahugurwa yo kubungabunga afite ibikoresho bihagije.
d. Kugira ngo byorohereze gutwara imodoka zicukura munsi y'ubutaka, ingano y'igice cy'umuhanda gikenewe ni kinini, ibyo bikaba byongera ikiguzi cyo kubaka.
③ Ugereranyije n'ibinyabiziga bipakurura ibintu ku butaka, ibinyabiziga bicukura munsi y'ubutaka akenshi bigira imiterere ikurikira:
a. Ishobora guteranywa no guteranywa, ikigega kinini cyoroshye.
b. Hakoreshejwe chassis ifatanye, hydraulic steering, ubugari bw'umubiri w'imodoka ni buto, kandi radius yo kuzenguruka ni nto.
c. Uburebure bw'umubiri w'imodoka ni buke, muri rusange ni metero 2 ~ 3, bikaba bikwiye gukoreshwa mu mwanya muto kandi wo hasi wo munsi y'ubutaka, ufite imbaraga nke zo hagati, ibyo byongera ubushobozi bwo kuzamuka.
d. Umuvuduko wo kuyitwara ni muto, kandi imbaraga za moteri yayo ni nke, bityo bikagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere.
(3)Umukandara w'umukandaraubwikorezi
Gutwara imizigo y'imikandara ni uburyo buhoraho bwo gutwara ibintu, bukoreshwa cyane cyane mu gutwara amabuye y'agaciro, bushobora no gutwara ibikoresho n'abakozi. Ubu buryo bwo gutwara ibintu bufite ubushobozi bwinshi bwo gukora, bufite umutekano kandi bwizewe, bworoshye gukora kandi bufite urwego rwo hejuru rwo gukora ibintu mu buryo bwikora. Hakoreshejwe kaseti ikomeye cyane, gutwara imizigo y'imikandara bifite imiterere y'intera ndende, ingano nini n'umuvuduko mwinshi, byujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo ibikoresho bigezweho byo gucukura bifashishwe mu bucukuzi bikoreshwe neza.
Gukoresha uburyo bwo gutwara amabuye yo munsi y’ubutaka mu miyoboro y’amabuye y’agaciro bigengwa n’ubunini bw’amabuye, ingano y’imodoka, aho umuhanda ugana, aho ugana n’ibindi. Muri rusange, amabuye y’agaciro acukuwe gusa (ari munsi ya mm 350) ni yo ashobora gutwarwa, kandi akoreshwa gusa mu buryo bunini, aho umuhanda muto ugana, kandi nta miyoboro igana.
Gutwara umukandara wo munsi y'ubutaka bishobora kugabanywamo ibi bikurikira: ① Gutwara umukandara wo munsi y'ubutaka hakurikijwe aho ukoreshwa n'imirimo yo gutwara yuzuye, wakira kandi ugatwara amabuye y'agaciro mu buryo butaziguye uturutse ku buso bw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. ② Gutwara umukandara wo gukusanya amabuye y'agaciro, wakira amabuye y'agaciro aturutse ku masosiyete abiri cyangwa menshi yo gucuruza imikandara. ③ Gutwara umukandara wo munsi y'ubutaka, utwara amabuye yose yo munsi y'ubutaka, harimo n'umukandara wo hejuru y'aho umukandara wo gucuruza imikandara ujyanwa.
Umukandara w'imikandara ushobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bw'ibanze n'ubw'umwihariko hakurikijwe imiterere y'ibanze, kandi ubwoko bw'ibanze bugabanyijwemo imiterere y'umukandara n'iy'umuyoboro. Kuri ubu, umukandara wihariye uhagarariye umukandara ufite umukandara w'umuyoboro munini, umukandara w'umugongo wa corrugated, umukandara w'ishusho, umukandara w'umugongo, umukandara w'umusemburo w'umwuka, umukandara w'umukandara w'igitutu, umukandara w'umukandara ugonga n'ibindi.
Gutwara ibikoresho byo gutwara imizigo bifasha mu gukomeza ibikorwa byo gutwara ibintu. Ugereranyije n'ibindi bikoresho byo gutwara imizigo, bifite ibi bikurikira:
①Ubushobozi bwo kohereza. Ubushobozi ntarengwa bw'umukandara wo mu gihugu bugeze kuri toni 8400 / isaha, naho ubushobozi ntarengwa bw'umukandara wo mu mahanga bugeze kuri toni 37500 / isaha.
②Intera ndende yo kohereza. Igihe cyose hari umukandara ukomeye uhagije, mu rwego rwa tekiniki, umukandara uri mu ntera yo kohereza ntabwo ari fatizo. Uburebure bumwe bw'umukandara wo mu rugo bugeze kuri kilometero 15.84.
③Gushobora guhangana n’ubutaka bikomeye. Imashini itwara imizigo ishobora kumenyera ubutaka ihereye ku murongo uringaniye w’ikirere n’umurongo utambitse, kugira ngo igabanye aho ihurira n’aho itwara imizigo nk’aho itwara imizigo kandi igabanye ishoramari mu bikorwa remezo, kugira ngo hirindwe ko imihanda, gari ya moshi, imisozi, imigezi, imigezi n’imijyi bishobora kubangamira ikirere cyangwa indege.
④Imiterere yoroshye, ifite umutekano kandi yizewe. Kwizerwa kw'umukandara w'umukandara byemejwe n'ikoreshwa ry'inganda nyinshi.
⑤Ikiguzi cyo gukoresha kiri hasi. Isaha n'ingufu bikoreshwa kuri buri gice cyo gutwara imodoka mu buryo bwa "conveyor" akenshi ni byo biri hasi mu binyabiziga cyangwa ibikoresho byose binini, kandi kubungabunga biroroshye kandi byihuse.
⑥ Urwego rwo hejuru rw'imikorere y'ikoranabuhanga. Uburyo bwo kohereza umukandara ni bworoshye, ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi byiyongera, kugenzura cyane, kandi byoroshye kubigeraho mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga.
⑦ Ifite imiterere y'ingaruka nke z'ikirere ndetse n'igihe kirekire cyo kubaho.
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Igihe cyo kohereza ubutumwa: Werurwe-16-2023
