2 Kuyendera pansi pa nthaka
1) Kugawa mayendedwe apansi panthaka
Kuyendetsa pansi pa nthaka ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yogwirira ntchito yofukula ndi kupanga miyala yachitsulo yapansi pa nthaka ndi miyala yosakhala yachitsulo, ndipo ntchito yake ikuphatikizapo mayendedwe a stope ndi mayendedwe a pamsewu. Ndi njira yoyendetsera stope yopitilira, malo osungiramo zinthu ndi nyumba yosungiramo migodi yapansi pa nthaka, malo odzaza migodi kapena nyumba yosungiramo migodi yapansi pa nthaka ndi malo otayira zinyalala. Kuyendetsa Stope kumaphatikizapo mayendedwe okoka mphamvu yokoka, mayendedwe amagetsi, mayendedwe a zida zopanda njira (mayendedwe a fosholo, magalimoto onyamula katundu kapena migodi), mayendedwe a makina ogwedera ndi mayendedwe amphamvu, ndi zina zotero. Kuyendetsa pamsewu kumaphatikizapo mayendedwe a msewu wa siteji ndi msewu wopendekera, ndiko kuti, mayendedwe a msewu pakati pa stope funnel, patio ya stope kapena msewu womwe uli pansi pa chitsime cholowera ku bin yosungiramo pansi pa nthaka (kapena khomo lolowera).
Kugawidwa kwa kayendedwe ka pansi pa nthaka malinga ndi njira yoyendera ndi zida zoyendera kwawonetsedwa mu Table 3-4.
Kugawa mayendedwe apansi panthaka
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti mayendedwe apansi panthaka akuyenda bwino komanso moyenera, zida zothandizira zoyendera ndizofunikira kwambiri.
2) Dongosolo loyendera pansi pa nthaka
Njira zoyendera ndi njira zoyendera za migodi yapansi panthaka nthawi zambiri zimatsimikiziridwa pakupanga ndi kupanga miyala yamtengo wapatali. Mfundo zomwe zatsimikiziridwa ziyenera kuganizira momwe zinthuzo zimachitikira, njira yopangira, njira yopangira migodi, kukula kwa migodi, nthawi yopangira, momwe zida zoyendera zimakhalira komanso momwe bizinesiyo imagwirira ntchito. Iyenera kukhala yapamwamba komanso yodalirika paukadaulo, yoyenera komanso yopindulitsa pazachuma, yotetezeka pakugwira ntchito, yosavuta pakuyang'anira, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa komanso ndalama zochepa.
(1) Mayendedwe a sitima
Mayendedwe a sitima nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mayendedwe a sitima, yomwe ndiyo njira yayikulu yoyendera migodi yapansi panthaka kunyumba ndi kunja. Mayendedwe a sitima makamaka amapangidwa ndi magalimoto amigodi, zida zokokera ndi makina othandizira ndi zida zina, nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa ndi njira yoyendetsera bwino yokhala ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali, katundu,chonyamulira lambakapena zida zonyamulira zopanda njira, popanga zinthu zimatha kunyamula miyala, zinyalala, zipangizo, zida ndi antchito. Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakonza kupanga ndikutsimikiza mphamvu ya kupanga ya mgodi.
Ubwino wa mayendedwe a sitima ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, mphamvu yayikulu yopangira (yomwe imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto), mtunda wopanda malire woyendera, kusawononga ndalama zambiri, nthawi yosinthira, ndipo imatha kunyamula miyala yosiyanasiyana pamzere wozungulira. Choyipa chake ndichakuti mayendedwe amakhala osakhalitsa, magwiridwe antchito amadalira mulingo wa ntchito womwe uli ndi zoletsa (nthawi zambiri 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuonetsetsa kuti chitetezo cha mayendedwe chili bwino pamene mzere wotsetsereka ndi waukulu kwambiri.
Kuthamanga pa njanji ndiyo njira yayikulu yoyendera mtunda wautali mopingasa. Choyezera njanji chimagawidwa m'magawo ofanana ndi choyezera chocheperako. Choyezera chokhazikika ndi 1435mm, ndipo choyezera chocheperako chimagawidwa m'mitundu itatu: 600mm, 762mm ndi 900 mm. Malinga ndi choyezera chosiyana, sitimayo imatha kugawidwa m'magawo ofanana ndi sitimayo yocheperako; malinga ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, sitimayo yopangira migodi imatha kugawidwa m'magawo ofanana ndi sitimayo yamagetsi, sitimayo yadizilo ndi sitimayo yanthunzi. Sitimayo yanthunzi yachotsedwa kwenikweni, ndipo sitimayo ya dizilo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamwamba pake. Sitimayo yamagetsi imayendetsedwa ndi mphamvu yamagetsi, malinga ndi mtundu wa magetsi, sitimayo yamagetsi imatha kugawidwa m'magawo ofanana ndi sitimayo yamagetsi yamagetsi ya DC ndi sitimayo yamagetsi ya AC, sitimayo yamagetsi ya DC ndiyo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Tsopano, pali ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri omwe adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito galimoto yosinthira pafupipafupi. Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zamagetsi, sitimayo yamagetsi ya DC imagawidwa m'magawo ofanana ndi sitimayo yamagetsi ...
Ndi kapangidwe kosavuta, mtengo wotsika, kukonza kosavuta, mphamvu yayikulu yoyendera sitima, liwiro lalikulu, kugwiritsa ntchito bwino magetsi, mtengo wotsika woyendera, ndiye komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Choyipa chake ndichakuti kukonza ndi mawaya sizisinthasintha mokwanira; kukula kwa msewu ndi chitetezo cha oyenda pansi zimakhudza kuwala pakati pa pantograph ndi mzere sikuloledwa pomanga koyamba migodi yayikulu ya gasi, koma pamapeto pake, mtengo wonse wa mota ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa wa mota ya batri. Mphamvu yamagetsi ya DC ndi 250V ndi 550V.
Batri yamagetsi yamagetsi ndi batri yoperekera magetsi. Batri nthawi zambiri imayikidwa mu garaja yamagetsi yapansi panthaka. Batri yamagetsi ikagwiritsidwa ntchito pamlingo winawake, ndibwino kusintha batri yoyikidwa. Ubwino wa mtundu uwu wa mota yamagetsi ndikuti palibe ngozi yoti ingagwe, yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'migodi ya gasi popanda mzere wofunikira, kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthasintha, kutulutsa pang'ono, njira yosakhazikika yoyendera pamsewu komanso mayendedwe a tunnel pamsewu ndi oyenera kwambiri. Vuto lake ndilakuti ndalama zoyambira zoyikira zida zoyikira magetsi zimakhala ndi mphamvu zochepa zamagetsi komanso mtengo wokwera woyendera. Nthawi zambiri, mota yamagetsi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo la migodi, ndipo gawo lokonzekera lingagwiritse ntchito galimoto yamagetsi yamagetsi kuti ithetse mavuto akunja. Mu msewu wobwerera ndi mpweya wophulika, sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, mgodi wa sulfure wambiri ndi ngozi yachilengedwe yamoto, mota yamagetsi yamagetsi yotetezeka kuphulika iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuwonjezera pa mitundu iwiri yomwe ili pamwambapa yamota zamagetsiPali ma mota amagetsi amphamvu awiri, makamaka amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri -- injini yamagetsi yamtundu wa batri ndi injini yamagetsi yamtundu wa chingwe. Pali chojambulira chokha pa injini yamagetsi ya batri, chomwe chingathandize kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa magwiritsidwe ntchito ndikugwiritsa ntchito kusinthasintha. Mukagwira ntchito munjira yoyendera, magetsi a chingwe, koma mtunda woyendera wa magetsi a chingwe suyenera kupitirira kutalika kwa chingwe.
Magalimoto oyaka mkati safunika kuyika mzere, ndalama zochepa, zimasinthasintha kwambiri. Komabe, kapangidwe kake ndi kovuta ndipo mpweya wotulutsa utsi umaipitsa mpweya, kotero ndikofunikira kuyika chipangizo choyeretsera mpweya wotulutsa utsi pa doko la utsi ndikulimbitsa mpweya wolowera mumsewu. Pakadali pano, migodi yochepa yokha ku China imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu gawo lolumikizirana bwino la adit pamwamba ndi mayendedwe a pamwamba, ndipo migodi yambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'migodi yakunja.
Magalimoto a migodi amanyamula miyala (miyala), magalimoto a anthu ndi magalimoto, magalimoto opangidwa ndi zinthu zakuthupi, magalimoto ophulika, magalimoto odzaza madzi, magalimoto ozimitsa moto ndi magalimoto aukhondo ndi magalimoto ena apadera.
(2) Mayendedwe opanda njira
M'zaka za m'ma 1960, ndi kusintha kwa zida zopanda njira pansi pa nthaka, ukadaulo wa migodi yopanda njira pansi pa nthaka nawonso wapangidwa mofulumira.
Galimoto yogwiritsa ntchito migodi yapansi panthaka ndi galimoto yodziyendetsa yokha yopangidwira migodi yapansi panthaka. Ndiyo galimoto yayikulu yoyendera yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa migodi yopanda njira, ndipo ili ndi ubwino woyenda, kusinthasintha, mphamvu zambiri komanso ndalama zochepa. Magalimoto ogwiritsira ntchito migodi yapansi panthaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'migodi yamitundu yonse yapansi panthaka yokhala ndi mikhalidwe yoyenera yopititsira patsogolo migodi, zomwe sizingongowonjezera kupanga ndi kutulutsa kwa ntchito kwa migodi yapansi panthaka, kulimbikitsa kukula kosalekeza kwa kupanga, komanso kusintha njira yopititsira migodi, njira yopititsira migodi ndi njira zoyendetsera migodi yotere. Makamaka ndi chitukuko cha makina odziyimira pawokha a migodi, migodi yanzeru ndi ukadaulo wina ndi machitidwe m'zaka zaposachedwa, migodi yapansi panthaka ikupita ku njira yopanda anthu yopititsira migodi yopanda njira.
①Ubwino waukulu wa migodi yapansi panthaka ndi mayendedwe a magalimoto.
a. Kusuntha kosinthasintha, komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana, komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kopanga. Mwala wokumba womwe uli pamwamba pa mgodi ukhoza kunyamulidwa mwachindunji kupita kumalo aliwonse otulutsira katundu popanda kusamutsa pakati pa msewu, ndipo antchito, zipangizo ndi zida zomwe zili pamalo otulutsira katundu zimathanso kufika mwachindunji pamalo ogwirira ntchito popanda kusamutsa katundu.
b. Pazifukwa zina, kugwiritsa ntchito migodi yapansi panthaka poyendetsa magalimoto kungapulumutse bwino zida, zitsulo ndi antchito.
c. Musanayambe ntchito yonse yokonza migodi, n'zotheka kupititsa patsogolo ndikuthandiza ntchito yofukula ndi kunyamula miyala ndi madera ang'onoang'ono.
d. Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya mtunda woyenera woyendera, kulumikizana kwa magalimoto ndi kupanga migodi yapansi panthaka ndi kochepa, zomwe zingathandize kwambiri kuti ntchito ikule bwino.
②Zoyipa za migodi yapansi panthaka yonyamula magalimoto ndi izi:
a. Ngakhale kuti magalimoto oyendetsera migodi ya pansi pa nthaka ali ndi chipangizo choyeretsera mpweya wotuluka mu injini ya dizilo, mpweya wotuluka mu injini ya dizilo umaipitsa mpweya wa pansi pa nthaka, womwe sungathe kuthetsedwa kwathunthu pakadali pano. Njira monga kulimbitsa mpweya wotuluka nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera mtengo wa zida zoyendetsera mpweya.
b. Chifukwa cha kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa msewu wa mgodi wapansi panthaka, matayala amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, ndipo mtengo wa zida zosinthira umakwera.
c. Ntchito yokonza zinthu ndi yaikulu, pakufunika ogwira ntchito yokonza zinthu aluso komanso malo ogwirira ntchito okonza zinthu okhala ndi zida zokwanira.
d. Pofuna kuyendetsa bwino magalimoto a migodi ya pansi pa nthaka, gawo lofunikira la msewu ndi lalikulu, zomwe zimawonjezera ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito.
③ Poyerekeza ndi magalimoto odzitsitsa okha pansi, magalimoto ogwetsa pansi pa nthaka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi makhalidwe awa:
a. Ikhoza kusonkhanitsa ndi kusonkhanitsa, chitsime chachikulu chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito.
b. Pogwiritsa ntchito chassis yolumikizidwa, chiwongolero cha hydraulic, m'lifupi mwa thupi la galimoto ndi yopapatiza, ndipo radius yozungulira ndi yaying'ono.
c. Kutalika kwa thupi la galimoto ndi kochepa, nthawi zambiri 2 ~ 3m, komwe ndikoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo opapatiza komanso otsika pansi pa nthaka, okhala ndi pakati pa mphamvu yokoka, zomwe zimawonjezera kuthekera kokwera.
d. Liwiro loyendetsa ndi lochepa, ndipo mphamvu ya injini yake ndi yochepa, motero kuchepetsa mpweya woipa wochokera ku utsi.
(3)Chonyamulira lambamayendedwe
Kuyendetsa galimoto yonyamula katundu pogwiritsa ntchito lamba ndi njira yopitilira yoyendera, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kunyamula miyala yamchere, imathanso kunyamula zipangizo ndi antchito. Njira yoyendera iyi ili ndi mphamvu zambiri zopangira, yotetezeka komanso yodalirika, yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito komanso yodzipangira yokha. Pogwiritsa ntchito tepi yamphamvu kwambiri, kuyendetsa galimoto yonyamula katundu pogwiritsa ntchito lamba kumakhala ndi mtunda wautali, voliyumu yayikulu komanso liwiro lalikulu, zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira pakuyenda bwino kwa zida zamakono zogwirira ntchito m'migodi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendera miyala yamtengo wapatali ya lamba m'miyala yapansi panthaka kumachepetsedwa ndi kuchuluka kwa miyala, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kupendekera kwa msewu, kupindika ndi zina zotero. Kawirikawiri, miyala yamtengo wapatali yokha (yosakwana 350mm) ndiyo inganyamulidwe, ndipo ndi yoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito yokhala ndi voliyumu yayikulu, kupindika kwa msewu pang'ono, komanso yopanda kupindika.
Kutumiza katundu wa lamba pansi pa nthaka kungagawidwe m'magulu awa: ① Kutumiza katundu wa lamba wa stope malinga ndi malo ake ogwiritsira ntchito komanso ntchito zoyendera zomwe zamalizidwa, zomwe zimalandira ndi kutumiza miyala yamchere mwachindunji kuchokera ku malo ogwirira ntchito ku migodi. ② Kutumiza katundu wa lamba wosonkhanitsa migodi, komwe kumalandira miyala yamchere kuchokera ku ma conveyor awiri kapena kuposerapo a lamba. ③ Kutumiza katundu wa lamba wa Trunk, kumanyamula miyala yonse ya migodi pansi pa nthaka, kuphatikizapo lamba wonyamula katundu kupita pamwamba pa mayendedwe a lamba wonyamula katundu.
Chotengera cha lamba chingagawidwe m'magulu oyambira ndi apadera malinga ndi kapangidwe kake, ndipo mtundu woyambira umagawidwa m'mawonekedwe athyathyathya ndi a groove. Pakadali pano, chotengera chapadera cha lamba chili ndi chotengera cha lamba chakuya cha groove, chotengera cha lamba chozungulira chozungulira, chotengera cha lamba wa pattern, chotengera cha lamba wa tubular, chotengera cha lamba wa mpweya, chotengera cha lamba wopanikizika, chotengera cha lamba wopindika ndi zina zotero.
Kuyendetsa katundu pogwiritsa ntchito lamba kumakwaniritsa kupitiriza kwa njira yoyendetsera katundu. Poyerekeza ndi zida zina zoyendetsera katundu, ili ndi makhalidwe awa:
①kunyamula katundu. Mphamvu yayikulu ya chonyamulira lamba cha m'nyumba yafika pa 8400t / h, ndipo mphamvu yayikulu ya chonyamulira lamba chakunja yafika pa 37500t / h.
②Kutumiza kutali. Malinga ngati pali lamba wolimba wokwanira, malinga ndi luso laukadaulo, chotumizira lamba chomwe chili pa mtunda wotumizira sichochepa. Utali umodzi wa chotumizira lamba cha m'nyumba wafika 15.84km.
③Kusinthasintha kwamphamvu kwa malo. Chonyamulira lamba chimatha kusintha malo kuchokera pamalo ozungulira komanso opingasa, kuti chichepetse maulalo apakati monga malo osinthira katundu ndikuchepetsa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zomangamanga, kuti chipewe kusokoneza misewu, njanji, mapiri, mitsinje, mitsinje ndi mizinda kuchokera pamalowo kapena ndegeyo.
④Kapangidwe kosavuta, kotetezeka komanso kodalirika. Kudalirika kwa chonyamulira lamba kwatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito zambiri m'mafakitale.
⑤Ndalama zogwirira ntchito zochepa. Nthawi ndi mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mayendedwe a lamba nthawi zambiri zimakhala zochepa kwambiri pakati pa magalimoto kapena zida zonse zolemera, ndipo kukonza kumakhala kosavuta komanso mwachangu.
⑥ Mphamvu yapamwamba yogwiritsira ntchito makina onyamulira. Njira yotumizira makina onyamulira ndi yosavuta, mphamvu zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mphamvu zambiri, komanso zosavuta kuzigwira.
⑦ Ili ndi mawonekedwe a kutentha kochepa komanso nthawi yayitali yogwira ntchito.
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Nthawi yotumizira: Marichi-16-2023
