2 Te kawe waka i raro i te whenua
1) Te whakarōpūtanga o te kawe waka i raro i te whenua
He hononga nui te kawe whenua i roto i te keri me te whakaputa i te konganuku whakarewa me te konganuku kore-whakarewa i raro i te whenua, ā, ko tana whānuitanga mahi ko te kawe i ngā tūnga me te kawe i ngā rori. Koinei te awa kawe o ngā tūnga tonu, te mata keri rua me te whare putunga maina i raro i te whenua, te wāhi keri whakakī, te whare putunga maina whenua rānei me te mara toka para. Kei roto i te kawe tūnga te kawe ā-papatipu, te kawe hiko, te kawe taputapu kore ara (te kawe koko, te mīhini uta, ngā waka keri rānei), te kawe mīhini keri wiri me te kawe kaha pahū, me ētahi atu. Kei roto i te kawe rori te kawe i te ara papa me te ara piko, arā, te kawe rori i waenga i te awa tūnga, te taupee tūnga, te huarahi rānei i raro i te puna reti ki te ipu rokiroki i raro i te whenua (te tomokanga tāpiri rānei).
Kei te Ripanga 3-4 te whakarōpūtanga o te kawe waka i raro i te whenua e ai ki te momo kawe me ngā taputapu kawe.
Te whakarōpūtanga o te kawe waka i raro i te whenua
Hei whakarite i te whakahaeretanga noa me te whai hua o te kawe waka i raro i te whenua, he mea nui ngā taputapu āwhina e tika ana.
2) Pūnaha kawe waka raro whenua
Ko te pūnaha kawe me te momo kawe o te maina o raro whenua e whakatauhia ana i te nuinga o te wā i roto i te whanaketanga me te hoahoa o ngā putunga kohuke. Me whai whakaaro ngā mātāpono kua whakatauhia ki ngā āhuatanga o te putunga, te pūnaha whanaketanga, te tikanga keri, te tauine keri, te roa o te mahi whakaputa, te āhua whanaketanga o ngā taputapu kawe me te taumata whakahaere o te hinonga. Me matatau, me pono hoki te hangarau, me whai hua, me whai hua te ohanga, me haumaru te whakahaere, me watea te whakahaere, me iti te whakapaunga pūngao, me iti te haumi.
(1) Te tereina waka
Ko te kawe tereina e pā ana ki te kawe waka tereina, koinei te momo kawe matua o ngā maina o raro whenua i te kāinga me tāwāhi. Ko te kawe tereina he mea hanga ki ngā waka keri, ngā taputapu kukume me ngā mīhini āwhina me ētahi atu taputapu, he maha ngā wā he pūnaha kawe whai hua me te konganuku rake, te uta,whitiki kawengā taputapu kawe kore ara rānei, i roto i te tukanga whakaputa ka taea te kawe i te konganuku, te kōhatu para, ngā rauemi, ngā taputapu me ngā kaimahi. Ko tētahi o ngā mea matua e whakarite ana i te whakaputanga me te whakatau i te kaha whakaputa o te maina.
Ko ngā painga o te kawe tereina he whānui te whakamahinga, he nui te kaha whakaputa (e whakatauhia ana e te maha o ngā waka tereina), he tawhiti mutunga kore te kawe, he pai te ohanga, he ngāwari te whakarite, ā, ka taea te kawe i ngā momo konganuku i te rārangi wehenga. Ko te ngoikoretanga he wā poto te kawe, ko te whai huatanga o te whakaputa ka whakawhirinaki ki te taumata whakahaere mahi, he iti noa iho ngā herenga (ko te tikanga he 3 ‰ ~5 ‰), ā, he uaua ki te whakarite i te haumaru o te kawe ina he nui rawa te pari o te rārangi.
Ko te oma i runga i te ara te momo matua o te kawe waka tawhiti whakapae. Ka wehea te ine ara ki te ine paerewa me te ine whaiti. Ko te ine paerewa he 1435mm, ā, e toru ngā momo o te ine whaiti: 600mm, 762mm me te 900 mm. E ai ki ngā ine rerekē, ka taea te wehewehe i te waka tereina ki te waka tereina ine paerewa me te waka tereina ine whaiti; e ai ki te mana rerekē e whakamahia ana, ka taea te wehewehe i te waka tereina maina ki te waka tereina hiko, te waka tereina tīhi me te waka tereina mamaoa. Kua whakakorea ngā waka tereina mamaoa, ā, ko ngā waka tereina tīhi te nuinga o te wā ka whakamahia mō te mata whenua anake. Ka peia te waka tereina hiko e te pūngao hiko, e ai ki te āhua o te pūtake hiko, ka taea te wehewehe i te waka tereina hiko ki te waka tereina hiko DC me te waka tereina hiko AC, ko te waka tereina hiko DC te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ināianei, he maha ngā kaiwhakamahi kua tīmata ki te whakamahi i te motuka motuka whakawhiti auau. E ai ki ngā momo pūtake hiko rerekē, ka wehea te waka tereina hiko DC ki te waka tereina hiko momo waea me te waka tereina hiko pākahiko, ā, ko te nuinga o ngā waka tereina raro whenua kāore i te maina waro i Haina he waka tereina hiko momo waea.
He ngāwari te hanganga, he iti te utu, he watea te tiaki, he nui te kaha kawe waka tereina, he tere teitei, he pai te hiko, he iti te utu kawe, koinei te mea e whakamahia whānuitia ana. Ko te ngoikoretanga ko te kore e ngāwari te whakatikatika me te waea; ko te rahi o te rori me te haumaru o te hunga hikoi ka pā ki te mura i waenga i te pantograph me te raina kāore e whakaaetia i te hanganga tuatahi o ngā maina hau nui, engari i te wā roa, he iti ake te utu katoa o te motuka i te motuka pākahiko. Ko te ngaohiko DC he 250V me te 550V.
Ko te mōtini hiko pākahiko he pākahiko hei tuku hiko. Ko te tikanga ka utaina te pākahiko ki roto i te karāti mōtini o raro whenua. I muri i te whakamahinga o te pākahiko o te mōtini ki tētahi taumata, he mea tika kia whakakapia te pākahiko kua utaina. Ko te painga o tēnei momo mōtini hiko ko te kore o te tūponotanga o te mura, he pai mō te whakamahi i ngā maina hau me te kore he raina e tika ana, he ngāwari te whakamahinga, he iti te putanga, he koretake te pūnaha kawe rori me te kawe i ngā kauhanga rori. Ko tōna ngoikoretanga ko te iti o te whai huatanga o te hiko i te haumitanga tuatahi o ngā taputapu utu me te nui o te utu kawe. Ko te tikanga, ka whakamahia te mōtini waea i te wāhanga keri, ā, i te wāhanga whakawhanake ka taea te whakamahi i te waka mōtini pākahiko hei wikitoria i ngā āhuatanga o waho. I te huarahi hoki me te hau pupuhi, kaua e whakamahia, he nui te whanariki me te tūponotanga ahi taiao o te maina, me whakamahi te mōtini pākahiko ātete-pahū.
Hei tāpiri atu ki ngā momo e rua o runga ake neingā motuka hiko, kei reira ngā motuka hiko pūngao takirua, ka taea te wehewehe i te nuinga ki te waka hiko momo waea —— pākahiko me te waka hiko momo taura. He taputapu utu aunoa kei runga i te waka hiko pākahiko, ka taea te whakapai ake i te tere whakamahinga me te whakamahi i te ngāwari. I te wā e mahi ana i te ara kawe, kaua e neke ake te tawhiti kawe o te taura i te roa o te taura.
Kāore e hiahiatia he raina mō ngā waka tereina mura ā-roto, he iti te haumitanga, he tino ngāwari. Heoi, he uaua te hanganga, ā, ka poke te hau i te hau putanga, nō reira me tāuta te taputapu horoi hau putanga ki te putanga putanga, me te whakapakari i te hauhautanga o te rori. I tēnei wā, he torutoru noa ngā maina i Haina e whakamahia ana i roto i te wāhanga hononga mata pai te hau me te kawe mata, ā, he maha atu ngā maina e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā maina o tāwāhi.
Ko ngā waka keri he waka e kawe ana i te konganuku (kōhatu para), ngā waka tangata me ngā waka, ngā waka rauemi, ngā waka pahū, ngā taraka wai, ngā taraka tinei ahi me ngā waka horoi tinana me ētahi atu waka motuhake.
(2) Te kawe waka kore ara
I te tekau tau atu i 1960, i te whakapainga ake o ngā taputapu keri kore ara i raro i te whenua, kua tere hoki te whanaketanga o te hangarau keri kore ara i raro i te whenua.
He waka hiko-ā-unoa te motuka keri whenua i hangaia mō te keri whenua. Koinei te waka kawe matua hei whakatinana i te hangarau keri kore ara, ā, he painga tōna o te nekeneke, te ngāwari, te maha-pūngao me te ōhanga. He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā waka keri whenua i roto i ngā momo maina whenua katoa me ngā āhuatanga e tika ana mō te keri whakarei ake, e kore e taea anake te whakapai ake i te hua mahi me te putanga o ngā maina whenua, te whakatairanga i te whānui tonu o te tauine whakaputa, engari ka huri hoki i te tukanga keri, te tikanga keri me te pūnaha keri me te kawe o aua maina. Ina koa me te whanaketanga o te aunoatanga maina, te keri atamai me ētahi atu hangarau me ngā pūnaha i ngā tau tata nei, ka neke ngā maina whenua ki te ahunga kore tangata o te keri kore ara.
①Ko ngā painga matua o te kawe waka keri whenua ko te
a. He ngāwari te nekeneke, he whānui te whakamahinga, ā, he nui te kaha ki te whakaputa. Ka taea te kawe tika i te toka keri o te mata keri ki ia wāhi tango me te kore e whakawhiti ki waenganui, ā, ka taea hoki e ngā kaimahi, ngā rauemi me ngā taputapu i te wāhi tango te tae tika ki te mata mahi me te kore e whakawhiti.
b. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, mā te whakamahi i ngā waka keri whenua ka taea te whakaora tika i ngā taputapu, te maitai me ngā kaimahi.
c. I mua i te otinga o te huinga katoa o ngā whakaurunga poka, ka taea te whakatairanga me te whakahaere i te keri me te kawe i ngā tinana kōhatu me ngā taha pakaru.
d. I raro i ngā tikanga o te tawhiti kawe waka e tika ana, he iti ake ngā hononga kawe waka keri whenua me te whakaputa, ā, ka taea e tēnei te whakapai ake i te hua o te mahi.
②Ko ngā ngoikoretanga o te kawe waka keri whenua koia ēnei:
a. Ahakoa he taputapu horoi hau putanga kei ngā waka keri whenua, ka poke te hau putanga mai i te mīhini tīhiera i te hau o raro whenua, kāore anō kia taea te whakaoti rapanga i tēnei wā. Ko ngā mahi pēnei i te whakapakari i te hauhautanga ka whakamahia hei whakapiki i te utu o ngā taputapu hauhautanga.
b. Nā te kounga kino o te mata o te rori o raro i te whenua, he nui te whakamahinga o ngā potae, ā, ka piki ake te utu o ngā wāhanga e manawapa ana.
c. He nui te mahi tiaki, me whai kaimahi tiaki mohio me te awheawhe tiaki e tika ana ngā taputapu.
d. Hei whakahaere i te taraiwa o ngā waka keri whenua, he nui te rahi o te wāhanga rori e hiahiatia ana, ā, ka piki ake te utu whakawhanake.
③ Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā waka keri whenua-ake, ko ngā āhuatanga hanganga o ngā waka keri whenua he mea whai ake:
a. Ka taea te huihui me te huihui, he puna nui watea.
b. Mā te whakamahi i te anga honohono, te urungi waipēhi, he whaiti te whānui o te tinana o te waka, he iti te pūtoro tahuri.
c. He iti te teitei o te tinana o te waka, ko te tikanga he 2~3m, he mea e tika ana mō te mahi i te wāhi whaiti me te papaku o raro whenua, me te pokapū taumaha iti, e whakanui ana i te kaha piki.
d. He iti te tere o te taraiwa, ā, he iti te mana o te mīhini, nō reira ka whakaitihia ngā tukunga hau.
(3)Kaikawe whitikite kawe waka
He momo kawe tonu te kawe whitiki kawe, e whakamahia ana mō te kawe i ngā toka kohuke, ā, ka taea hoki te kawe i ngā rauemi me ngā kaimahi. He nui te kaha whakaputa o tēnei momo kawe, he haumaru, he pono hoki, he ngāwari te whakahaere, ā, he teitei te taumata aunoatanga. Mā te whakamahi i te rīpene kaha teitei, he tawhiti roa, he nui te rahinga me te tere teitei ngā āhuatanga o te kawe whitiki kawe, e tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga mō te kawe pai o ngā taputapu keri hou.
Ko te whakamahinga o te kawe whitiki kawe i roto i te konganuku o raro whenua e herea ana e te papatipu toka, te rahinga o ngā waka, te piko o te huarahi, te piko me ērā atu mea. I te nuinga o te wā, ko te toka konganuku matotoru anake (iti iho i te 350mm) ka taea te kawe, ā, he pai anake mō te whakamahi me te rahinga nui, te piko o te huarahi iti, me te kore piko.
Ka taea te wehewehe i te kawe whitiki raro whenua ki: ① te kawe whitiki tūnga, e ai ki tōna wāhi whakamahi me ngā mahi kawe kua oti, e tango tika ana, e kawe ana hoki i ngā toka kohuke mai i te mata mahi keri. ② Te kawe whitiki kohikohi keri, e tango ana i ngā toka kohuke mai i ngā whitiki e rua, neke atu rānei. ③ Te kawe whitiki pūtake, ka kawe i ngā toka keri katoa o raro whenua, tae atu ki te whitiki kawe ki te mata o te whitiki kawe.
E ai ki te hanganga taketake, ka taea te wehewehe i te whitiki kawe ki ngā momo taketake me ngā momo motuhake, ā, ko te momo taketake he papatahi me te āhua awaawa. I tēnei wā, ko ngā whitiki kawe motuhake he whitiki kawe awaawa hohonu, he whitiki kawe tapa kōpikopiko, he whitiki kawe tauira, he whitiki kawe ngongo, he whitiki kawe urunga hau, he whitiki kawe pēhanga, he whitiki kawe piko, me ētahi atu.
Mā te kawe whitiki ka taea te whakahaere tonu i te tukanga kawe rauemi. Ki te whakatauritea ki ētahi atu taputapu kawe, ko ēnei āhuatanga:
①te kaha kawe. Kua eke te kaha mōrahi o te kawe whitiki ā-rohe ki te 8400t/h, ā, kua eke te kaha mōrahi o te kawe whitiki o tāwāhi ki te 37500t/h.
②Tawhiti tuku roa. Mēnā he whitiki kaha rawa, mai i te tirohanga hangarau, kāore e herea te tawhiti tuku o te whitiki kawe. Kua eke te roa kotahi o te whitiki kawe ā-rohe ki te 15.84km.
③He kaha te urutau ki te whenua. Ka taea e te kawe whitiki te urutau ki te whenua mai i te piko ngawari o te wāhi me te papa whakapae, kia whakaitihia ai ngā hononga waenga pēnei i te teihana whakawhiti me te whakaiti i te haumi hanganga, kia kore ai e pokanoa ki ngā rori, ngā rēriwe, ngā maunga, ngā awa, ngā awa me ngā tāone mai i te wāhi, i te papa rānei.
④He hanganga māmā, he haumaru, he pono hoki. Kua manatokohia te pono o te whitiki kawe e te maha o ngā tono i roto i te mara ahumahi.
⑤He iti ngā utu whakahaere. Ko te wā hāora me te whakapaunga pūngao mō ia wae kawe o te pūnaha kawe whitiki te mea iti rawa i roto i ngā waka rauemi papatipu katoa, ā, he tere, he māmā hoki te tiaki.
⑥ Teitei o te aunoatanga. He māmā noa te tukanga kawe whitiki, he kukū ngā taputapu hiko, he teitei te mana whakahaere, he ngāwari ki te whakatutuki i te aunoatanga.
⑦ He iti te pānga o te rangi ki a ia, ā, he roa tōna ora.
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Wā tuku: Maehe-16-2023
