2 Sufurin ƙarƙashin ƙasa
1) Rarraba jigilar kaya ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa
Sufurin ƙarƙashin ƙasa muhimmin haɗi ne a fannin haƙar ma'adinai da samar da ma'adinan ƙarfe na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da waɗanda ba na ƙarfe ba, kuma aikin da yake yi ya haɗa da jigilar stope da jigilar hanya. Ita ce hanyar sufuri ta tasha mai ci gaba, fuskar rami da rumbun ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yankin cike ma'adinan ƙasa ko rumbun ma'adinai da filin duwatsun sharar gida. Sufurin Stope ya haɗa da jigilar nauyi kai tsaye, jigilar rake na lantarki, jigilar kayan aiki marasa hanya (jigilar shebur, injin lodawa ko motocin haƙar ma'adinai), jigilar injin haƙar ma'adinai mai girgiza da jigilar ƙarfi mai fashewa, da sauransu. Sufurin hanya ya haɗa da jigilar layin mataki da layin da aka karkata, wato, jigilar hanya tsakanin ramin stope, baranda stope ko hanyar da ke ƙarƙashin rijiyar zamewa zuwa kwandon ajiya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa (ko ƙofar adit).
An nuna rarrabuwar jigilar kaya ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa bisa ga yanayin sufuri da kayan aikin sufuri a cikin Jadawali na 3-4.
Rarraba jigilar ƙasa ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa
Domin tabbatar da aiki na yau da kullun da inganci na jigilar jiragen ƙasa, kayan aikin taimako na sufuri da ake buƙata suna da mahimmanci.
2) Tsarin jigilar kaya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa
Tsarin sufuri da yanayin sufuri na ma'adinan ƙarƙashin ƙasa gabaɗaya ana ƙayyade su ne a cikin haɓaka da tsara ma'adinan ma'adinai. Ka'idojin da aka ƙayyade ya kamata su yi la'akari da yanayin wurin ajiyar ma'adinai, tsarin haɓakawa, hanyar haƙar ma'adinai, girman ma'adinan, tsawon lokacin sabis na samarwa, yanayin haɓaka kayan aikin sufuri da matakin gudanarwa na kamfanin. Ya kamata ya kasance mai ci gaba kuma abin dogaro a fannin fasaha, mai ma'ana kuma mai amfani a fannin tattalin arziki, amintacce a cikin aiki, mai sauƙin gudanarwa, ƙarami a cikin amfani da makamashi da ƙarancin saka hannun jari.
(1) Sufurin jirgin ƙasa
Sufurin jirgin ƙasa gabaɗaya yana nufin jigilar jiragen ƙasa, wanda shine babban hanyar jigilar ma'adinai a cikin ƙasa a gida da waje. Sufurin jirgin ƙasa galibi ya ƙunshi motocin haƙar ma'adinai, kayan aikin jan ƙarfe da injunan taimako da sauran kayan aiki, galibi suna ƙunshe da ingantaccen tsarin sufuri tare da ma'adinan rake, lodi,na'urar jigilar belko kuma kayan aikin sufuri marasa hanya, a cikin tsarin samarwa na iya jigilar ma'adinai, duwatsun shara, kayan aiki, kayan aiki da ma'aikata. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke tsara samarwa da kuma tantance ƙarfin samar da ma'adinan.
Fa'idodin jigilar jirgin ƙasa sune amfani mai yawa, ƙarfin samarwa mai yawa (wanda aka ƙayyade ta hanyar adadin jiragen ƙasa), nisan sufuri mara iyaka, ingantaccen tattalin arziki, jadawalin aiki mai sassauƙa, kuma yana iya jigilar ma'adanai iri-iri a kan layin raba hanya. Rashin kyawun shi ne cewa jigilar tana faruwa ne a lokaci-lokaci, ingancin samarwa ya dogara da matakin ƙungiyar aiki yana da iyakoki (gabaɗaya 3 ‰ ~ 5 ‰), kuma yana da wuya a tabbatar da amincin sufuri lokacin da gangaren layin ya yi girma sosai.
Gudun kan hanya shine babban hanyar jigilar nesa a kwance. An raba ma'aunin hanya zuwa ma'aunin yau da kullun da ma'aunin kunkuntar. Ma'aunin yau da kullun shine 1435mm, kuma ma'aunin kunkuntar an raba shi zuwa nau'ikan 3: 600mm, 762mm da 900 mm. Dangane da ma'aunin daban-daban, ana iya raba ma'aunin zuwa ma'aunin yau da kullun da ma'aunin kunkuntar; bisa ga ƙarfin da ake amfani da shi, ana iya raba ma'aunin haƙar ma'adinai zuwa ma'aunin lantarki, ma'aunin dizal da ma'aunin tururi. An kawar da ma'aunin tururi, kuma galibi ana amfani da ma'aunin dizal ne kawai don saman. Ana tuƙa ma'aunin lantarki ta hanyar makamashin lantarki, bisa ga yanayin samar da wutar lantarki, ana iya raba ma'aunin wutar lantarki zuwa ma'aunin wutar lantarki na DC da ma'aunin wutar lantarki na AC, ma'aunin wutar lantarki na DC shine mafi yawan amfani. Yanzu, akwai masu amfani da yawa da suka fara amfani da motar canza mita. Dangane da yanayin samar da wutar lantarki daban-daban, an raba ma'aunin wutar lantarki na DC zuwa ma'aunin waya na lantarki da ma'aunin wutar lantarki na baturi, kuma yawancin ma'adinan da ba na kwal ba a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a China sune ma'aunin wutar lantarki na waya.
Tare da tsari mai sauƙi, araha, kulawa mai sauƙi, babban ƙarfin jigilar jirgin ƙasa, babban gudu, ingantaccen wutar lantarki, ƙarancin kuɗin sufuri, shine mafi yawan amfani. Rashin amfani da shi shine cewa kayan gyara da wayoyi ba su da sassauƙa sosai; girman hanya da amincin masu tafiya a ƙasa suna shafar walƙiya tsakanin pantograph kuma ba a yarda da layin a farkon ginin ma'adinan mai mai tsanani ba, amma a ƙarshe, jimlar farashin motar ya fi ƙasa da na injin baturi. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki na DC shine 250V da 550V.
Injin lantarki na batir batir ne da ake amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki. Yawanci ana caji batirin a cikin garejin motar ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Bayan an yi amfani da batirin da ke kan motar zuwa wani matsayi, ana ba da shawarar a maye gurbin batirin da aka caji. Amfanin wannan nau'in injin lantarki shine babu haɗarin walƙiya, wanda ya dace da amfani da ma'adinan iskar gas ba tare da layin da ake buƙata ba, amfani mai sassauƙa, don ƙaramin fitarwa, tsarin jigilar hanya mara tsari da jigilar hanyoyin rami ya dace sosai. Rashinsa shine cewa saka hannun jari na farko na kayan caji yana da ƙarancin ingancin wutar lantarki da tsadar sufuri. Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da injin waya a matakin haƙar ma'adinai, kuma matakin haɓakawa na iya amfani da motar batirin don shawo kan yanayin waje. A cikin hanyar iska mai dawowa tare da iskar gas mai fashewa, bai kamata a yi amfani da shi ba, ya kamata a yi amfani da injin batir mai ƙarfi da kuma ma'adinan haɗarin gobara na halitta, injin batir mai hana fashewa.
Baya ga nau'ikan biyu da ke samainjunan lantarkiAkwai injinan lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki masu amfani da wutar lantarki guda biyu, galibi ana iya raba su zuwa waya —— nau'in baturi na locomotive na lantarki da kuma nau'in kebul na locomotive na lantarki. Akwai caja ta atomatik akan batirin locomotive na lantarki, wanda zai iya inganta yawan amfani da kuma amfani da sassauci. Lokacin aiki a layin sufuri, samar da wutar lantarki ta kebul, amma nisan jigilar wutar lantarki na kebul bai kamata ya wuce tsawon kebul ba.
Ba a buƙatar jiragen ƙasa masu ƙonewa na ciki su yi layi, ƙarancin jari, kuma suna da sassauƙa sosai. Duk da haka, tsarin yana da sarkakiya kuma iskar shaye-shaye tana gurɓata iska, don haka ya zama dole a sanya na'urar tsarkake iskar shaye-shaye a tashar fitar da hayaki da kuma ƙarfafa iskar shaye-shaye a kan hanya. A halin yanzu, ma'adanai kaɗan ne kawai ake amfani da su a ɓangaren haɗin saman adit mai iska mai kyau da jigilar sama, kuma ana amfani da ƙarin ma'adanai a ma'adinai na ƙasashen waje.
Motocin haƙar ma'adinai suna jigilar ma'adinai (dutsen shara), motocin mutane da na ababen hawa, motocin kayan aiki, motocin fashewa, motocin ruwa, motocin kashe gobara da motocin tsafta da sauran motoci na musamman.
(2) Sufuri ba tare da hanya ba
A shekarun 1960, tare da inganta kayan aikin da ba su da hanyar bin hanya a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, an kuma haɓaka fasahar haƙar ma'adinai ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa cikin sauri.
Motar haƙar ma'adinai ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa wata mota ce da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa kanta musamman don haƙar ma'adinai ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ita ce babbar hanyar sufuri don cimma fasahar haƙar ma'adinai mara hanya, kuma tana da fa'idodin motsi, sassauci, makamashi mai yawa da tattalin arziki. Ana amfani da motocin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa sosai a cikin kowane nau'in haƙar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa tare da yanayi mai dacewa don haɓaka haƙar ma'adinai, wanda ba wai kawai zai iya inganta yawan aiki da fitarwa na haƙar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba, yana haɓaka ci gaba da faɗaɗa girman samarwa, har ma yana canza tsarin haƙar ma'adinai, hanyar haƙar ma'adinai da tsarin haƙar ma'adinai da sufuri na irin waɗannan haƙar ma'adinai. Musamman tare da haɓaka sarrafa ma'adinai ta atomatik, haƙar ma'adinai mai wayo da sauran fasahohi da tsarin a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haƙar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna komawa ga alkiblar haƙar ma'adinai mara hanya.
①Babban fa'idodin sufurin motoci na haƙar ma'adinai a ƙarƙashin ƙasa sune cewa
a. Sauƙin motsi, tare da amfani iri-iri, da kuma babban ƙarfin samarwa. Ana iya jigilar dutsen haƙar ma'adinai na fuskar haƙar ma'adinai kai tsaye zuwa kowane wurin sauke kaya ba tare da canja wurin tsakiya ba, kuma ma'aikata, kayan aiki da kayan aiki a wurin sauke kaya suma za su iya isa ga fuskar aiki kai tsaye ba tare da canja wurin ba.
b. A wasu sharuɗɗa, amfani da haƙar ma'adinai a ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya ceton kayan aiki, ƙarfe da ma'aikata yadda ya kamata.
c. Kafin a kammala cikakken tsarin wuraren shaft, ana iya ci gaba da kuma sauƙaƙe haƙar ma'adinai da jigilar gawawwakin ma'adinai da gefuna marasa lokaci.
d. A ƙarƙashin yanayin nisan sufuri mai ma'ana, jigilar motoci da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba su da yawa, wanda hakan zai iya inganta yawan aiki sosai.
②Rashin amfanin sufurin motoci a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ga waɗannan:
a. Duk da cewa motocin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna da na'urar tsarkake iskar shaye-shaye, iskar shaye-shaye da aka fitar daga injin dizal tana gurɓata iskar ƙarƙashin ƙasa, wanda har yanzu ba za a iya magance ta gaba ɗaya a halin yanzu ba. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da matakai kamar ƙarfafa iska don ƙara farashin kayan aikin iska.
b. Saboda rashin ingancin hanyar haƙar ma'adinai ta ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yawan amfani da tayoyin yana da yawa, kuma farashin kayayyakin gyara yana ƙaruwa.
c. Aikin gyara yana da yawa, yana buƙatar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan gyara da kuma wurin gyaran da aka tanadar da kayan aiki masu kyau.
d. Domin sauƙaƙe tuƙin motocin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, girman ɓangaren hanya da ake buƙata yana da girma, wanda ke ƙara farashin haɓakawa.
③ Idan aka kwatanta da motocin da ke sauke kaya a ƙasa, motocin haƙar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa galibi suna da halaye masu zuwa a cikin tsari:
a. Za a iya haɗawa da haɗawa, babban rijiya mai dacewa.
b. Ta amfani da chassis mai kama da juna, tuƙi mai amfani da ruwa, faɗin jikin motar ya yi ƙanƙanta, radius ɗin juyawa ƙarami ne.
c. Tsawon jikin motar ƙasa ne, gabaɗaya mita 2 ~ 3, wanda ya dace da aiki a cikin kunkuntar da ƙaramin sararin ƙasa, tare da ƙaramin tsakiyar nauyi, wanda ke ƙara ƙarfin hawa.
d. Saurin tuƙi yana da ƙasa, kuma ƙarfin injinsa ƙanƙanta ne, don haka yana rage fitar da hayaki.
(3)Mai jigilar belsufuri
Jigilar jigilar bel hanya ce ta sufuri mai ci gaba, wacce galibi ake amfani da ita don jigilar dutsen ma'adinai, kuma tana iya jigilar kayayyaki da ma'aikata. Wannan hanyar sufuri tana da babban ƙarfin samarwa, aminci da aminci, aiki mai sauƙi da kuma babban matakin sarrafa kansa. Tare da amfani da tef mai ƙarfi, jigilar bel ɗin tana da halaye na nisa mai nisa, babban girma da babban gudu, wanda ya cika buƙatun ingantaccen jigilar kayan aikin haƙar ma'adinai na zamani.
Amfani da jigilar bel a cikin ma'adinan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana da iyaka da girman duwatsu, yawan zirga-zirga, karkatawar hanya, lanƙwasa da sauransu. Gabaɗaya, dutsen ma'adinai mai kauri (ƙasa da 350mm) ne kawai za a iya jigilarsa, kuma ya dace da amfani da shi kawai tare da babban girma, ƙaramin karkatawar hanya, kuma babu lanƙwasa.
Za a iya raba jigilar bel ɗin ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa: ① jigilar bel ɗin tsayawa bisa ga wurin amfani da shi da kuma ayyukan sufuri da aka kammala, wanda ke karɓa kai tsaye kuma yana jigilar duwatsun ma'adinai daga fuskar aiki ta haƙar ma'adinai. ② jigilar bel ɗin tattara bel ɗin haƙar ma'adinai, wanda ke karɓar dutsen ma'adinai daga masu jigilar bel guda biyu ko fiye. ③ jigilar bel ɗin akwati, yana ɗaukar duk dutsen haƙar ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, gami da jigilar bel ɗin zuwa saman jigilar bel ɗin.
Ana iya raba na'urar ɗaukar bel zuwa nau'ikan asali da na musamman bisa ga tsarin asali, kuma nau'in asali an raba shi zuwa siffar lebur da tsagi. A halin yanzu, wakilin na'urar ɗaukar bel na musamman yana da na'urar ɗaukar bel mai zurfi, na'urar ɗaukar bel mai lanƙwasa, na'urar ɗaukar bel mai tsari, na'urar ɗaukar bel mai bututu, na'urar ɗaukar bel mai matashin iska, na'urar ɗaukar bel mai matsa lamba, na'urar ɗaukar bel mai lanƙwasa da sauransu.
Sufurin jigilar kaya na bel yana tabbatar da ci gaban tsarin jigilar kaya. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan aikin jigilar kaya, yana da halaye masu zuwa:
① ƙarfin jigilar kaya. Matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar bel na cikin gida ya kai 8400t a kowace awa, kuma matsakaicin ƙarfin jigilar bel na ƙasashen waje ya kai 37500t a kowace awa.
②Tsawon nisan isar da kaya. Muddin akwai isasshen bel mai ƙarfi, daga mahangar fasaha, na'urar ɗaukar bel a cikin nisan watsawa ba ta da iyaka. Tsawon na'urar ɗaukar bel ɗin cikin gida guda ɗaya ya kai kilomita 15.84.
③ Ƙarfin daidaitawar ƙasa. Mai ɗaukar bel ɗin zai iya daidaitawa da ƙasa daga matsakaicin lanƙwasa na sarari da kuma kwance, don rage hanyoyin haɗin tsakiya kamar tashar canja wuri da rage saka hannun jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa, don guje wa tsangwama ga hanyoyi, layin dogo, duwatsu, koguna, koguna da birane daga sararin samaniya ko jirgin sama.
④ Tsarin mai sauƙi, amintacce kuma abin dogaro. An tabbatar da ingancin na'urar jigilar bel ta hanyar amfani da shi a fannoni da yawa a fannin masana'antu.
⑤Ƙarancin kuɗin aiki. Lokacin aiki da amfani da makamashi a kowace naúrar jigilar bel ɗin tsarin jigilar bel yawanci shine mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin duk motocin ko kayan aiki masu yawa, kuma gyaran yana da sauƙi da sauri.
⑥ Babban matakin sarrafa kansa. Tsarin jigilar bel ɗin yana da sauƙi, tattara kayan aiki masu ƙarfi, babban iko, da sauƙin cimmawa ta atomatik.
⑦ Yana da halaye na ƙarancin tasirin yanayi da tsawon rai.
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Lokacin Saƙo: Maris-16-2023
