Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ni kimwe mu bibazo bikomeye ku isi bihura na byo muri iki gihe. Imihindagurikire y'ikirere igira ingaruka zikomeye kandi zirambye ku mikoreshereze n'umusaruro wacu, ariko mu turere dutandukanye tw'isi, imihindagurikire y'ikirere itandukanye cyane. Nubwo uruhare rw'ibihugu bidateye imbere mu bukungu mu ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ku isi ari ruto cyane, ibi bihugu byamaze kwibasirwa n'ikiguzi kinini cy'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, bigaragara ko ari ntagereranywa. Imihindagurikire y'ikirere ikabije irimo kugira ingaruka zikomeye, nk'amapfa akomeye, ubushyuhe bwinshi, imyuzure ikomeye, umubare munini w'impunzi, ibibazo bikomeye ku mutekano w'ibiribwa ku isi ndetse n'ingaruka zidasubirwaho ku butaka n'umutungo w'amazi. Ibintu bidasanzwe nk'ikirere cya El Nino bizakomeza kubaho kandi birusheho kuba bibi.
Mu buryo nk'ubwo, bitewe n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere,inganda z'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciroihanganye kandi n'ibintu byinshi bifatika bishobora gutera ibyago. Kubera koubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciron'ibice bikorerwamo imishinga myinshi yo guteza imbere ibirombe by'amabuye y'agaciro bihura n'ingaruka z'imihindagurikire y'ikirere, kandi bizarushaho kuba bibi bitewe n'ingaruka mbi z'ikirere. Urugero, ikirere gikabije gishobora kugira ingaruka ku ituze ry'ingomero z'ibirombe kandi kikarushaho gutera impanuka zo gusenyuka kw'ingomero z'ibirombe.
Byongeye kandi, kubaho kw'ibihe bikomeye by'ikirere n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere nabyo bitera ikibazo gikomeye cy'amazi ku isi. Amazi si uburyo bw'ingenzi bwo gukora mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro gusa, ahubwo ni n'umutungo w'ingenzi ku baturage bo mu duce ducukura amabuye y'agaciro. Bivugwa ko igice kinini cy'uduce dukungahaye ku muringa, zahabu, icyuma, na zinc (30-50%) nta mazi ahagije, kandi kimwe cya gatatu cy'uduce ducukura zahabu na zinc ku isi gishobora no kubona amazi yikubye kabiri mu 2030, nk'uko bivugwa na S & P Global Assessment. Ingorane z'amazi zirakabije cyane muri Megizike. Muri Megizike, aho imishinga y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro ihangana n'abaturage bo mu gace runaka ku bijyanye n'amazi n'ibiciro by'ibikorwa by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro biri hejuru, amakimbirane menshi mu mibanire y'abaturage ashobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku bikorwa by'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro.
Kugira ngo urwego rw’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro rushobore guhangana n’ibintu bitandukanye bishobora gutera ibyago, rukeneye uburyo bwo gukora ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro burambye. Iyi si ingamba yo kwirinda ingaruka gusa ku bigo by’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro n’abashoramari, ahubwo ni n’imyitwarire ijyanye n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage. Ibi bivuze ko ibigo by’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro bigomba kongera ishoramari ryabyo mu bisubizo by’ikoranabuhanga birambye, nko kugabanya ingaruka mu gutanga amazi, no kongera ishoramari mu kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu nganda z’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro.inganda z'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agacirobyitezwe ko izamura cyane ishoramari ryayo mu bisubizo bya tekiniki kugira ngo igabanye imyuka ihumanya ikirere, cyane cyane mu bijyanye n'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, ikoranabuhanga rya panneaux solaire ndetse n'uburyo bwo kubika ingufu za bateri.
Inganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro zigira uruhare runini mu gukora ibikoresho bikenewe kugira ngo zihangane n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere. Mu by'ukuri, isi iri mu nzira yo guhinduka umuryango ukoresha karubone nke mu gihe kizaza, ukeneye umutungo mwinshi w'amabuye y'agaciro. Kugira ngo intego zo kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere zashyizweho n'Amasezerano ya Paris zigerweho, ubushobozi bwo gukora ikoranabuhanga rikoresha karubone nke ku isi, nka turbine z'umuyaga, ibikoresho byo gutanga ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba, ahantu ho kubika ingufu n'imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, buzarushaho kunozwa cyane. Dukurikije icyegeranyo cya Banki y'Isi, umusaruro w'izi koranabuhanga zikoresha karubone nke ku isi uzakenera toni zirenga miliyari 3 z'amabuye y'agaciro n'umutungo w'icyuma mu 2020. Ariko, amwe mu mabuye y'agaciro azwi nka "umutungo w'ingenzi", nka grafiti, lithiyumu na kobalti, ashobora no kongera umusaruro ku isi inshuro hafi eshanu mu 2050, kugira ngo habeho ikoranabuhanga ry'ingufu zisukuye rikomeje kwiyongera. Iyi ni inkuru nziza ku nganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro, kuko niba inganda zicukura amabuye y'agaciro zishobora gukoresha uburyo bwo gukora ubucukuzi burambye bwavuzwe haruguru icyarimwe, ubwo nganda zizagira uruhare runini mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry'intego y'iterambere ry'isi mu gihe kizaza yo kurengera ibidukikije.
Ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere byakoze umutungo kamere mwinshi w'amabuye y'agaciro ukenewe kugira ngo habeho impinduka nke ku isi mu bijyanye n'isuku nke y'ikirere. Mu mateka, ibihugu byinshi bicukura umutungo kamere w'amabuye y'agaciro byahuye n'ikibazo cy'umuvumo w'umutungo kamere, kuko ibi bihugu byishingikiriza cyane ku burenganzira bw'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, imisoro ku mutungo w'amabuye y'agaciro no kohereza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa by'amabuye y'agaciro bitaratunganywa, bityo bigira ingaruka ku nzira y'iterambere ry'igihugu. Ejo hazaza heza kandi harambye hasabwa n'umuryango w'abantu hagomba gusenya umuvumo w'umutungo kamere w'amabuye y'agaciro. Muri ubu buryo gusa ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bishobora kwitegura neza guhangana n'imihindagurikire y'ikirere ku isi no guhangana nayo.
Gahunda yo kugera kuri iyi ntego ni uko ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bifite umutungo kamere mwinshi w'amabuye y'agaciro byihutisha ingamba zijyanye no kongera ubushobozi bw'uruhererekane rw'agaciro mu karere no mu turere. Ibi ni ingenzi mu buryo bwinshi. Ubwa mbere, iterambere ry'inganda ritanga ubutunzi bityo rigatanga inkunga ihagije y'amafaranga yo guhangana no kugabanya imihindagurikire y'ikirere mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere. Icya kabiri, kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka z'impinduramatwara ku ngufu ku isi, isi ntizakemura imihindagurikire y'ikirere ikoresheje gusa ikoranabuhanga rimwe ry'ingufu n'irindi. Kuri ubu, uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa ku isi ruracyari ikintu gikomeye gitanga imyuka ihumanya ikirere, bitewe n'uko ingufu za lisansi zikoreshwa cyane n'urwego mpuzamahanga rw'ubwikorezi. Kubwibyo, gushyira ikoranabuhanga ry'ingufu zihumanya ibidukikije rivanwa mu gace k'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro rizafasha kugabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu kwegereza ingufu zihumanya ikirere hafi y'ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro. Icya gatatu, ibihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bizashobora gukoresha ibisubizo by'ingufu zihumanya ibidukikije gusa ari uko ikiguzi cy'umusaruro w'ingufu zihumanya ibidukikije cyagabanutse kugira ngo abantu babashe gukoresha ubwo buryo ku giciro gito. Ku bihugu n'uturere aho ikiguzi cy'umusaruro kiri hasi, gahunda zo gukora mu gace k'iwabo zikoresha ikoranabuhanga ry'ingufu zihumanya ibidukikije zishobora kuba amahitamo akwiye kwitabwaho.
Nk’uko byashimangiwe muri iyi nkuru, mu nzego nyinshi, inganda z’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere bifitanye isano rikomeye. Inganda z’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro zifite uruhare runini. Niba dushaka kwirinda ikibi, tugomba kugira icyo dukora vuba bishoboka. Nubwo inyungu, amahirwe n’ibyihutirwa by’impande zose bitaba bishimishije, rimwe na rimwe ndetse bikaba bitaba byiza na gato, abashyiraho politiki za leta n’abayobozi b’ubucuruzi nta yandi mahitamo bafite uretse guhuza ibikorwa no kugerageza gushaka ibisubizo bifatika byemewe n’impande zose. Ariko muri iki gihe, umuvuduko w’iterambere uragenda buhoro cyane, kandi nta cyemezo gihamye dufite cyo kugera kuri iyi ntego. Muri iki gihe, gushyiraho ingamba za gahunda nyinshi zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere biyoborwa na za guverinoma z’ibihugu kandi byabaye igikoresho cya politiki. Mu bijyanye no kugera ku ntego zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, hari itandukaniro rigaragara mu nyungu n’ibyo ibihugu bitandukanye bikeneye. Ariko, uburyo bwo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, cyane cyane amategeko agenga imicungire y’ubucuruzi n’ishoramari, busa n’aho buhabanye cyane n’intego zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere.
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-16-2023
